Phytochemicals in Foods: November 2011

Friday, November 25, 2011

Phytochemicals in Foods - 13 Health Benefits of Luteolin

Luteolin is a yellow crystalline compound of Flavones, belonging to the class of Flavonoids (polyphenols) found in the leaves, but it is also seen in celery, thyme, dandelion, rinds, barks, carrots, olive oil, peppermint, rosemary, navel oranges, oregano, etc.

Health benefits
1. Anti cancer
In the investigation of luteolin, a natural bioflavonoid and its chemopreventive properties found that luteolin-induced apoptosis involves reactive oxygen species generation, DNA damage, activation of ATR→Chk2→p53 signaling pathway, inhibition of NF-kB signaling pathway, activation of p38 pathway and depletion of anti-apoptotic proteins. Importantly, use of luteolin in these analyses also identified specific molecular characteristics of NCI-ADR/RES and MCF-7/Mito(R) cells that highlight their different tissue origins. according to "Luteolin induces apoptosis in multidrug resistant cancer cells without affecting the drug transporter function: involvement of cell line-specific apoptotic mechanisms." by

Rao PS, Satelli A, Moridani M, Jenkins M, Subrahmanyeswara Rao U.(1)

2. Prostate cancer
In the evaluation of Luteolin, a polyphenolic flavone and its anti-tumor activity for many cancers
found that The enhancement of prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF) expression, which induced B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2), N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), and Maspin gene expression, could account for the function of luteolin for anti-proliferation and anti-invasion in LNCaP cells, according to "Upregulation of prostate-derived Ets factor by luteolin causes inhibition of cell prolifertation and cell invasion in prostate carcinoma cells" by Tsui KH, Chung LC, Feng TH, Chang PL, Juang HH.(2)

3. Cancer prevention
In the demonstration of Luteolin, a plant flavonoid and its effecu in inhibition of tumor growth, found that luteolin treatment causes the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and that these intracellular ROS in turn mediate AMPK-NF-κB signaling in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. In conclusion, we propose that AMPK is a novel regulator of NF-κB in luteolin-induced cancer cell death. Furthermore, our results suggest that AMPK is an attractive target for cancer prevention by flavonoids, according to "Anti-tumor effect of luteolin is accompanied by AMP-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB modulation in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells" by Hwang JT, Park OJ, Lee YK, Sung MJ, Hur HJ, Kim MS, Ha JH, Kwon DY.(3)

4. Hyperresponsiveness and inflammation
In the assessment of assess of the preventive effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega3 PUFA) and luteolin supplementation on allergen-induced inflammation found that omega3-luteolin supplementation may have some beneficial effects on airway responsiveness (AR) through a BALF lipoxin A(4) (LXA(4)),-dependent pathway in cats with experimentally-induced asthma, according to "Prophylactic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and luteolin on airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in cats with experimentally-induced asthma" by Leemans J, Cambier C, Chandler T, Billen F, Clercx C, Kirschvink N, Gustin P.(4)

5. Multiple sclerosis (MS)
In the efforts of an effective treatment for Multiple sclerosis (MS) found that luteolin and structurally similar flavonoids can inhibit experimental allergic allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS in rodents. An appropriate luteolin formulation that permits sufficient absorption and reduces its metabolism could be a useful adjuvant to IFN-beta for MS therapy, according to "Luteolin as a therapeutic option for multiple sclerosis" by Theoharides TC.(5)

6. Hypermonoaminergic neuropsychological disorders
In the observation of monoamine transporters in regulating normal and abnormal synaptic activity and theirs effect on various neuropsychological disorders found that luteolin and apigenin function as monoamine transporter activators, which would improve several hypermonoaminergic neuropsychological disorders, especially cocaine dependence, through up-regulating monoamine transporter activity, according to "Functional activation of monoamine transporters by luteolin and apigenin isolated from the fruit of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt" by Zhao G, Qin GW, Wang J, Chu WJ, Guo LH.(6)

7. Nausea, vomiting, and gastric hypersecretion
In the determination of the mode of action of luteolin on phisphodiesterase (PDE) 1–5, and the possible adverse effects in nausea, vomiting, and gastric hypersecretion,
found that luteolin non-selectively and competitively inhibited PDE1–5, only PDE4 inhibition contributed to a reversing effect. In conclusion, because of the low therapeutic (PDE4_H/PDE4_L) ratio of luteolin, the gastrointestinal adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting and gastric hypersecretion should be carefully monitored, whenever luteolin is used for treating allergies, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, according to "Luteolin, a non-selective competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterases 1–5, displaced [³H]-rolipram from high-affinity rolipram binding sites and reversed xylazine/ketamine-induced anesthesia" by Ming-Chih Yu, Jun-Hao Chen, Chi-Yin Lai, Cheng-Ying Han, Wun-Chang Ko.(7)

8. Antiarthritic effect
In the research of lonicerin and its effect anti fungal arthritis found that the lonicerin treatment reduced the edema at all dose levels, and, furthermore, there was app. 54% edema reduction in animals given the 2 mg-dose at the peak (day 10) of septic arthritis (p < 0.05). Since the peak, the edema was reduced in similar rates. This antiarthritic activity appeared to be mediated by lonicerin's ability to suppress T cell proliferation, nitric oxide production from macrophages, and shift of cellular immunity from Th1- toward Th2-type responses, all of which are beneficial to treat arthritis, according to "Antiarthritic effect of lonicerin on Candida albicans arthritis in mice" by Lee JH, Han Y.(8)

9. Inflammatory diseases and immune disorders
In the examination of the PRRs recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in regulating the innate and adaptive immune responses found that TBK1 kinase can be a target for certain flavonoids such as EGCG, luteolin, quercetin, chrysin, and eriodictyol to regulate TRIF-dependent TLR pathways. This review focuses on the features of PRR signaling pathways and the therapeutic targets of intrinsic and extrinsic regulators in order to provide beneficial strategies for controlling the activity of PRRs and the related inflammatory diseases and immune disorders, according to "Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of innate immune receptors" by Jeong E, Lee JY.(9)

10. Mercury-induced toxicity
In the investigation of luteolin and thiosalicylate and theirs effect on human mast cells found that Pretreatment for 10 min with the flavonoid luteolin (0.1 mM) before HgCl2 or thimerosal compeletly blocked their effect. Luteolin and methyl thiosalicylate may be useful in preventing mercury-induced toxicity, according to "Luteolin and thiosalicylate inhibit HgCl(2) and thimerosal-induced VEGF release from human mast cells" by Asadi S, Zhang B, Weng Z, Angelidou A, Kempuraj D, Alysandratos KD, Theoharides TC.(10)

11. Antioxidants
In the observation of luteolin, kaempferol and apigenin and its binding to calf thymus (ct)-DNA
found that in the cell culture medium. Luteolin, followed by apigenin and kaempferol, was shown to be the most effective in protecting DNA from oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide, according to "Spectrophotometric analysis of flavonoid-DNA interactions and DNA damaging/protecting and cytotoxic potential of flavonoids in human peripheral blood lymphocytes" by Rusak G, Piantanida I, Masić L, Kapuralin K, Durgo K, Kopjar N.(11)

12. Osteoporosis
In the evaluation of Flavonoids, found abundantly in plants and their effect in preventing bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) animal models found that Serum biochemical markers assays revealed that luteolin prevents OVX-induced increases in bone turnover. These data strongly suggest that luteolin has the potential for prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis by reducing both osteoclast differentiation and function, according to "The effects of luteolin on osteoclast differentiation, function in vitro and ovariectomy-induced bone loss" by Kim TH, Jung JW, Ha BG, Hong JM, Park EK, Kim HJ, Kim SY.(12)

13. Anti-allergic effects
In the analyzing the structure-activity relationships of 45 flavones, flavonols and their related compounds, luteolin, ayanin, apigenin and fisetin and theirs anti-allergic effects, found that flavonoids inhibit histamine release, synthesis of IL-4 and IL-13 and CD40 ligand expression by basophils. were the strongest inhibitors of IL-4 production with an IC(50) value of 2-5 microM and determined a fundamental structure for the inhibitory activity. The inhibitory activity of flavonoids on IL-4 and CD40 ligand expression was possibly mediated through their inhibitory action on activation of nuclear factors of activated T cells and AP-1., according to "Flavonoids and related compounds as anti-allergic substances" by Kawai M, Hirano T, Higa S, Arimitsu J, Maruta M, Kuwahara Y, Ohkawara T, Hagihara K, Yamadori T, Shima Y, Ogata A, Kawase I, Tanaka T.(13)

14. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Phytochemicals in Foods - 12 Health Benefits of Tangeritin

Tangeritin, one of the flavones, is found in tangerine and many citrus peels

Health benefits
1. Cholesterol
In the investigation of the formulations containing citrus polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), mainly tangeretin, or citrus flavanone glucosides, hesperidin and naringin and theirs anti hypercholesterolemia effect found that PMFs are novel flavonoids with cholesterol- and triacylglycerol-lowering potential and that elevated levels of PMF metabolites in the liver might be directly responsible for their hypolipidemic effects in vivo, according to "Hypolipidemic Effects and Absorption of Citrus Polymethoxylated Flavones in Hamsters with Diet-Induced Hypercholesterolemia" by Elzbieta M. Kurowska and John A. Manthey, KGK Synergize Inc.(1)

2. Neuroprotective effects
In the evaluation of neuroprotective effects of a natural antioxidant tangeretin, a citrus flavonoid and its effect on Parkinson's disease found that tangeretin crosses the blood-brain barrier. The significant protection of striato-nigral integrity and functionality by tangeretin suggests its potential use as a neuroprotective agent, according to "Tissue distribution and neuroprotective effects of citrus flavonoid tangeretin in a rat model of Parkinson's disease" by Datla KP, Christidou M, Widmer WW, Rooprai HK, Dexter DT.(2)

3. Anti- cancer
In the observation of tangeretin (5,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone) and its effect in human promyelocytic leukaemia HL-60 cells, found that Tangeretin showed no cytotoxicity against either HL-60 cells or mitogen-activated PBMCs even at high concentration (27 microM) as determined by a dye exclusion test. Moreover, the flavonoid was less effective on growth of human T-lymphocytic leukaemia MOLT-4 cells or on blastogenesis of PBMCs. These results suggest that tangeretin inhibits growth of HL-60 cells in vitro, partially through induction of apoptosis, without causing serious side-effects on immune cells, according to " Citrus flavone tangeretin inhibits leukaemic HL-60 cell growth partially through induction of apoptosis with less cytotoxicity on normal lymphocytes" by T. Hirano, K. Abe, M. Gotoh, and K. Oka(3)

4. Antioxidants
In the comparison of hand-pressed juice of polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) and flavanone glycosides (FGs) and the peeled fruit of 'Sainampueng' tangerines ( Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Sainampueng) antioxidant effects found that hand-pressed juice of C. reticulata Blanco cv. Sainampueng serves as a rich source of PMFs, FGs, carotenoids, and antioxidants: 4-5 tangerine fruits ( approximately 80 g of each fruit) giving one glass of 200 mL hand-pressed juice would provide more than 5 mg of nobiletin and tangeretin and 36 mg of hesperidin, narirutin, and didymin, as well as 30 mg of ascorbic acid, >1 mg of provitamin A active beta-cryptoxanthin, and 200 microg of alpha-tocopherol, according to "Polymethoxylated flavones, flavanone glycosides, carotenoids, and antioxidants in different cultivation types of tangerines ( Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Sainampueng) from Northern Thailand" by

Stuetz W, Prapamontol T, Hongsibsong S, Biesalski HK.(4)

5. Breast and colon cancers
In the analyzing the tangeretin and nobiletin found in citrus flavonoids and theirs effectiveness in inhibiting cancer cell growth found that tangeretin and nobiletin could be effective cytostatic anticancer agents. Inhibition of proliferation of human cancers without inducing cell death may be advantageous in treating tumors as it would restrict proliferation in a manner less likely to induce cytotoxicity and death in normal, non-tumor tissues, according to "Tangeretin and nobiletin induce G1 cell cycle arrest but not apoptosis in human breast and colon cancer cells" by Morley KL, Ferguson PJ, Koropatnick J.(5)

6. Ovarian cancer
In the demonstration of tangeretin, a citrus flavonoid and its inhibition of cancer cell proliferation found that tangeretin exposure preconditions cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells for a conventional response to low-dose cisplatin-induced cell death occurring through downregulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, according to "Tangeretin sensitizes cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells through downregulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway" by Arafa el-SA, Zhu Q, Barakat BM, Wani G, Zhao Q, El-Mahdy MA, Wani AA.(6)

7. Lung cancer
In the study of tangeretin (5,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone), a polymethoxylated flavonoid found in the peel of citrus fruits and its effect in lung cancer found that tangeretin inhibition of IL-1beta-induced COX-2 expression in A549 cells is, at least in part, mediated through suppression of NF-kappaB transcription factor as well as through suppression of the signaling proteins of p38 MAPK, JNK, and PI3K, but not of ERK, according to "Tangeretin suppresses IL-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression through inhibition of p38 MAPK, JNK, and AKT activation in human lung carcinoma cells" by Chen KH, Weng MS, Lin JK.(7)

8. Intestinal tumor
In the investigation of flavonoids with polymethoxyflavones found in Orange peel and theirs association with potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities, found that a new Western-style diet (NWD), i.e., AIN-76A diet modified with decreased calcium, vitamin D, and methyl-donor nutrients and increased lipid content) led to increased apoptosis in intestinal tumors, and 0.5% OPE in NWD further increased apoptosis in tumors of the small and large intestine, according to "Chemopreventive effects of orange peel extract (OPE). I: OPE inhibits intestinal tumor growth in ApcMin/+ mice" by Fan K, Kurihara N, Abe S, Ho CT, Ghai G, Yang K.(8)

9. Metastatic melanoma
In the examination of an experimental model of flavonoids tangeretin, rutin, and and theirs effect in diosminpulmonary metastasis and the B16F10 cell subline, found that Rutin- and tangeretin-treated groups also showed reductions of the same index compared with the ethanol group. It would seem that structural factors would better explain these results and the antimetastatic activity of each flavonoid and the respective metabolites, according to "Treatment of metastatic melanoma B16F10 by the flavonoids tangeretin, rutin, and diosmin" by Martínez Conesa C, Vicente Ortega V, Yáñez Gascón MJ, Alcaraz Baños M, Canteras Jordana M, Benavente-García O, Castillo J.(9)

10. Antibacterial activity
In the demonstration of Citrus peels extracts of hexane, chloroform and acetone and their antibacterial effect found that EtOH-soluble fraction yielded three polymethoxylated flavones, namely desmethylnobiletin, nobiletin and tangeretin are found to be most effective and the findings indicated a potential of these natural compounds as biopreservatives in food applications, according to "Antibacterial activity of Citrus reticulata peel extracts" by

Jayaprakasha GK, Negi PS, Sikder S, Rao LJ, Sakariah KK.(10)

11. Antimicrobial activity
In the study of antibacterial and antifungal properties of wax and hexane extracts of Citrus spp. peels found that antimicrobial activity especially against M. canis and T. mentagrophytes: 4',5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone (tangeritin) and 3',4',5,6,7,8-hexamethoxyflavone (nobiletin) from C. reticulata; and 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (also known as escoparone, scoparone or scoparin) from C. limon, according to "Antimicrobial activity of wax and hexane extracts from Citrus spp. peels" by Johann S, Oliveira VL, Pizzolatti MG, Schripsema J, Braz-Filho R, Branco A, Smânia Jr A.(11)

12. Midazolam hydroxylation
In the investigation of the effect of tangeretin on hydroxylation of midazolam found that Tangeretin is a potent regioselective stimulator of midazolam 1'-hydroxylation by human liver microsomes and complementary deoxyribonucleic acid-expressed CYP3A4. However, tangerine juice is unlikely to have any appreciable effect on CYP3A4 in humans. Further studies are required to assess whether in vitro stimulators of CYP3A4 can influence drug metabolism in vivo, according to "Lack of correlation between in vitro and in vivo studies on the effects of tangeretin and tangerine juice on midazolam hydroxylation" by Backman JT, Mäenpää J, Belle DJ, Wrighton SA, Kivistö KT, Neuvonen PJ.(12)

13. Etc.
Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

For other phytochemicals articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/2011/10/phytochemicals-health-benefits.html

For other health articles, please visit
http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/

Phytochemicals - 13 Health Benefits of Apigenin

Apigenin (4’,5,7-trihydroxyflavone) is a flavone or citrus bioflavonoids found in high amounts in fruits, vegetables red wine and tomato sauce and several herbs including parsley, thyme, and peppermint.

Health Benefits
1. Promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells
In the study of non-mutagenic flavonoid apigenin 7-glucoside and its effect in cancer prevention through cancer cell differentiation, found that Apigenin 7-glucoside inhibited HL-60 cell growth, dose- and time-dependently, but did not cause apoptosis. The distribution of cells at different stages in the cell cycle indicated an accumulation of treated cells in G(2)/M phase. Moreover, apigenin 7-glucoside induced granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 cells, according to "Proteomic study of granulocytic differentiation induced by apigenin 7-glucoside in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells" by Nakazaki E, Tsolmon S, Han J, Isoda H.(1)

2. Anti-adipogenic Effect
In the investigation of apigenin, a plant flavonoid, on adipogenesis and its effect in adipogenesis found that Apigenin suppressed adipocyte differentiation of mouse adipocytic 3T3-L1 cells and reduced the accumulation of intracellular lipids.Thus, dietary apigenin may contribute to lower body-fat content and body-weight gain through the activation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), according to "Anti-adipogenic Effect of Dietary Apigenin through Activation of AMPK in 3T3-L1 Cells" by Ono M, Fujimori K.(2)

3. Cancer prevention
In the study of apigenin, a naturally occurring plant flavone, abundantly present in common fruits and vegetables and it anti oxidative process indicated that human clinical trials examining the effect of supplementation of apigenin on disease prevention have not been conducted, although there is considerable potential for apigenin to be developed as a cancer chemopreventive agent, according to "Apigenin: a promising molecule for cancer prevention" by Shukla S, Gupta S.(3)

4. Colon cancer
In the investigation of dietary apigenin and naringenin and their effect against colon cancer found that the ability of dietary apigenin and naringenin to reduce HMACF, lower proliferation (naringenin only) and increase apoptosis may contribute toward colon cancer prevention. However, these effects were not due to mitigation of iNOS and COX-2 protein levels at the ACF stage of colon cancer, according to "Apigenin and naringenin suppress colon carcinogenesis through the aberrant crypt stage in azoxymethane-treated rats" by Leonardi T, Vanamala J, Taddeo SS, Davidson LA, Murphy ME, Patil BS, Wang N, Carroll RJ, Chapkin RS, Lupton JR, Turner ND.(4)

5. Leukemia
In the evaluation of apigenin and it effects human leukemia cells and anti-leukemic activity found that constitutively active myristolated Akt prevented apigenin-induced JNK, caspases activation, and apoptosis. Conversely, LY294002 and a dominant negative construct of Akt potentiated apigenin-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells, according to "Apigenin induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells and exhibits anti-leukemic activity in vivo via inactivation of Akt and activation of JNK" by Budhraja A, Gao N, Zhang Z, Son YO, Cheng S, Wang X, Ding S, Hitron A, Chen G, Luo J, Shi X.(5)

(6) Antioxidant Activity
In the observation of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) extraction of bioactive compounds including flavonoids and phenolics from Ampelopsis grossedentata stems found that flavonoids and phenolics were found to be mainly responsible for the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of the extracts, but not for the chelating activity on ferrous ion according to Pearson correlation analysis. Furthermore, several unreported flavonoids such as apigenin, vitexin, luteolin, etc., have been detected in the extracts from A. grossedentata stems, according to "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Ampelopsis grossedentata Stems: Process Optimization and Antioxidant Activity" by Wang Y, Ying L, Sun D, Zhang S, Zhu Y, Xu P.(6)

7. Apoptotic Effects
In the analyzing the molecular mechanism of these compounds (genistein, biochanin-A and apigenin) in PC-3 (hormone-independent/p53 mutant type) and their anti prostate cancer effect
found that apoptosis of prostate cancer cells was associated with p21 up-regulation and PLK-1 suppression. Exposure of genistein, biochanin-A and apigenin on LNCaP (hormone-dependent/p53 wild type) and PC-3 (hormone-independent/p53 mutant type) prostate cancer cells resulted in same pattern of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, according to "Apoptotic Effects of Genistein, Biochanin-A and Apigenin on LNCaP and PC-3 Cells by p21 through Transcriptional Inhibition of Polo-like Kinase-1" by Seo YJ, Kim BS, Chun SY, Park YK, Kang KS, Kwon TG.(7)

8. Atherosclerosis (AS)
In the identification of Twenty-three flavonoids categorized into flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, and flavanones, including apigenin and theirs vascular endothelial dysfunction effect found that the effective agents in inhibiting endothelial dysfunction include myricetin, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, genistein and daidzein. Our work might provide some evidence for atherosclerosis (AS) prevention and a strategy for the design of novel AS preventive agents, according to "Chemical Structures of 4-Oxo-Flavonoids in Relation to Inhibition of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)-Induced Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction" by Yi L, Jin X, Chen CY, Fu YJ, Zhang T, Chang H, Zhou Y, Zhu JD, Zhang QY, Mi MT.(8)

9. Hepatoprotective activity
In the demonstratyion of four known flavonoids were isolated (scutellarein 6-methyl ether, dihydroquercetin, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, and apigenin-7-neohesperidoside), from the bulbs of P. michuacana and theirs hepatoprotective effect found that Compounds 1, 4, and 5 were found to exhibit good hepatoprotective effect. These effects were comparable to that of the standard drug silymarin, a well-known hepatoprotective agent according to "Effect of flavonoids from Prosthechea michuacana on carbon tetrachloride induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice" Perez Gutierrez RM, Anaya Sosa I, Hoyo Vadillo C, Victoria TC.(9)

10. Lung cancer
in the observation of Apigenin and its effect in significantly suppressed the proliferation of four types of human lung cancer cells found that apigenin widely inhibits cell proliferation of various lung cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner and the combination treatment of apigenin and antitumor drugs is very effective in human lung cancer cells, and Nrf2-ARE pathway may contribute to the mechanism, according to "[Anti-proliferation and chemo-sensitization effects of apigenin on human lung cancer cells].[Article in Chinese]' by Ren HY, Tang XW(10)

11. Oral cancer
In the evaluation of apigenin and it effect in hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesi found that that apigenin might have inhibited oral carcinogenesis by improving the status of antioxidant defense mechanism and modulated the activities of phase I and phase II detoxification cascade toward increased excretion of active metabolite of DMBA, during DMBA induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis, according to "Chemopreventive potential of apigenin in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced experimental oral carcinogenesis' by Silvan S, Manoharan S, Baskaran N, Anusuya C, Karthikeyan S, Prabhakar MM.(11)

12. Antiviral Activity
in the observation of C-glycosides, luteolin 6- C- α-L-arabinopyranosyl-7- O- β-D-glucopyranoside ( 1), apigenin 6- C- β-D-galactopyranosiduronic acid (1 → 2)- α-L-arabinopyranoside ( 2), luteolin 6- C- β-D-galactopyranosiduronic acid (1 → 2)- α-L-arabinopyranoside ( 3), and luteolin 6- C- β-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (1 → 2)- α-L-arabinofuranoside ( 4) from the Leaves of Lophatherum gracile and their antiviral activity found that the flavone were screened for their IN VITRO antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) with cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay, and several flavone 6- C-monoglycosides showed potent IN VITRO anti-RSV effect, according to "Flavone C-glycosides from the Leaves of Lophatherum gracile and Their In Vitro Antiviral Activity" by Wang Y, Chen M, Zhang J, Zhang XL, Huang XJ, Wu X, Zhang QW, Li YL, Ye WC.(12)

13. Haemostasis
In the evaluation of isolation of apigenin (1), apigenin-7-O-glucoside or cosmosiin (2), apigenin-7-O-apiosyl-(1 --> 2)-O-glucoside or apiin (3) and the coumarin 2",3"-dihydroxyfuranocoumarin or oxypeucedanin hydrate (4) of the aqueous extract (Pc) of Petroselinum crispum (Mill) leaves and theirs effect on haemostasis found that Pc, apigenin and cosmosiin interfere on haemostasis inhibiting platelet aggregation, according to "Phenolic chemical composition of Petroselinum crispum extract and its effect on haemostasis" by Chaves DS, Frattani FS, Assafim M, de Almeida AP, de Zingali RB, Costa SS.(13)

14. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Phytochemicals - 10 Health Benefits of Eriodictyol

Eriodictyol is a Flavanones, belonging to the flavonoid in Flavonoids extracted from Yerba Santa, twigs of Millettia duchesnei and certain types of fruit and herb.

Health Benefits
1. Cytoprotective effect
In the study of exact of eriodictyol and its molecular mechanism of the cellular effects found that t eriodictyol may lead to protection of keratinocytes from UV-induced cytotoxicity by modulating both the p38 MAPK and Akt signaling pathways in a phosphatase-dependent manner, according to "Cytoprotective effect of eriodictyol in UV-irradiated keratinocytes via phosphatase-dependent modulation of both the p38 MAPK and Akt signaling pathways" by Lee ER, Kim JH, Choi HY, Jeon K, Cho SG.(1)

2. Anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effect
In the investigation of 10 different flavonoids and assessed their role on UV-induced apoptosis of human keratinocytes, the principal cell type of epidermis found that eriodictyol treatment apparently reduced the percentage of apoptotic cells and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, concomitant with the repression of caspase-3 activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effects of eriodictyol were also confirmed in UV-induced cell death of normal human epidermal keratinocyte (NHEK) cells, according to "The anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant effect of eriodictyol on UV-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes" by Lee ER, Kim JH, Kang YJ, Cho SG.(2)

3. Anti-inflammatory effects
In the evaluation of the suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages among the four similar structure flavonoids found that pre-treatment of Raw 264.7 cells with eriodictyol reduced the expression of mRNA and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These inhibitory effects were found to be caused by blockage of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation and phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), according to "Anti-inflammatory effects of eriodictyol in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated raw 264.7 murine macrophages" by Lee JK.(3)

4. Capillary electrophoresis
In the investigation of separation of five flavanones and flavanone-7-O-glycosides, including naringenin, hesperetin, eriodictyol, homoeriodictyol, isosakuranetin, and hesperidin and their effect in α-Cyclosophoro-octadecaoses (α-C18), produced by Rhodobacter sphaeroides found that successful chiral separation critically depends on the presence of succinate substituents attached to α-C18 in CE, suggesting that succinoylation of α-C18 is decisive for effective stereoisomeric separation, according to "Stereoisomeric separation of some flavanones using highly succinate-substituted α-cyclosophoro-octadecaoses as chiral additives in capillary electrophoresis' by Kwon C, Jung S.(4)

5. Neoplastic cell transformation
In the demonstration oferiodictyol, a flavanone found in fruits and its suppresses EGF-induced neoplastic cell transformation found that eriodictyol inhibited phosphorylation of ATF1 but had no effect on the phosphorylation of RSK, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, p38 or JNKs, indicating that eriodictyol specifically suppresses RSK2 signaling. Furthermore, eriodictyol inhibited RSK2-mediated ATF1 transactivation and tumor promoter-induced transformation of JB6 Cl41 cells. Eriodictyol or knockdown of RSK2 or ATF1 also suppressed Ras-mediated focus formation, according to "Eriodictyol inhibits RSK2-ATF1 signaling and suppresses EGF-induced neoplastic cell transformation" by Liu K, Cho YY, Yao K, Nadas J, Kim DJ, Cho EJ, Lee MH, Pugliese A, Zhang J, Bode AM, Dong Z, Dong Z.(5)

6. Antiproteasomal agent
In the study of flavanone glycoside and flavone glycoside compounds and their Antiproteasomal effect found that kaempferol, a well known and widely distributed flavonoid in the plant kingdom, was the most active antiproteasomal agent, followed by apigenin, eriodictyol-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside, 3,5-dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and salidroside, respectively, according to "Phenolic Glycosides with antiproteasomal activity from Centaurea urvillei DC. subsp. urvillei" by Gülcemal D, Alankuş-Çalışkan O, Karaalp C, Ors AU, Ballar P, Bedir E.(6)

7. Melanogenesis
In the investigation of phytochemicals and their effect in Melanogenesis found that isolated, anastatin A, silybin A, isosilybins A and B, eriodictyol, luteolin, kaempferol, quercetin, hierochins A and B, (2R,3S)-2,3-dihydro-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-5-(2-formylvinyl)-7-hydroxybenzofuran, (+)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, (+)-balanophonin, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-{4-[(E)-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl]-2-methoxyphenoxy}-1,3-propanediol, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde substantially inhibited melanogenesis with IC(50) values of 6.1-32 microM, according to "Melanogenesis inhibitors from the desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica in B16 melanoma cells" by Nakashima S, Matsuda H, Oda Y, Nakamura S, Xu F, Yoshikawa M.(7)

8. Antimicrobial effect
In the research of flavonoids extracted from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel and its antimicrobial potency found that pairwise combinations of eriodictyol, naringenin and hesperetin showed both synergistic and indifferent interactions that were dependent on the test indicator organism, according to "Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids extracted from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel, a byproduct of the essential oil industry" by Mandalari G, Bennett RN, Bisignano G, Trombetta D, Saija A, Faulds CB, Gasson MJ, Narbad A.(8)

9. Antiplatelet activity
In the investigation of ethanol summary extract and four flavonoids from Leuzea carthamoide, including eriodictyol (1) and patuletin (2) influenced COL- and AA-induced aggregation. Their IC(50) values are presented. Flavonoid glycosides eriodictyol-7-beta-glucopyranoside (3) and 6-hydroxykaempferol-7-O-(6''-O-acetyl-beta-D[small cap]-glucopyranoside) (4) and their antiplatelet activity found that found to be weak antiplatelet agents. These results confirmed the fact that glucosylation decreases the antiplatelet activity. according to "In vitro antiplatelet activity of flavonoids from Leuzea carthamoides" by Koleckar V, Brojerova E, Rehakova Z, Kubikova K, Cervenka F, Kuca K, Jun D, Hronek M, Opletalova V, Opletal L.(9)

10. Protozoan infection
In the evaluation of Bioassay-guided fractionation of a Satureja parvifolia MeOH extract led to the isolation of eriodictyol, luteolin and ursolic and oleanolic acids found that Antiplasmodial activity of eriodictyol and luteolin is reported here for the first time. Besides, the four compounds showed activity against P. falciparum 3D7 strain and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, according to "Triterpenic acids and flavonoids from Satureja parvifolia. Evaluation of their antiprotozoal activity" by van Baren C, Anao I, Leo Di Lira P, Debenedetti S, Houghton P, Croft S, Martino V.(10)

11. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Phytochemicals - 11 Health Benefits of Silybin

Silybin is aslo known as Silibinin (INN), the major active ingredient of silymarin, a flavanone, found in the milk thistle seeds.

Health Benefits
1. Anti cancers
In the investigation of the synthesis of various silybin monogalloyl esters and its anti cancers effect found that the most effective compound from this series (7-O-galloylsilybin) has also been prepared from stereochemically pure silybins A and B to evaluate the effect of stereochemistry on the activity. As with silybin itself, the B isomer of 7-O-galloylsilybin was more active than the A isomer, according to "Synthesis and antiangiogenic activity of new silybin galloyl esters" by Gažák R, Valentová K, Fuksová K, Marhol P, Kuzma M, Medina MÁ, Oborná I, Ulrichová J, Křen V.(1)

2. Antioxidants in vascular calcification
In the identification of natural antioxidants in the process of vascular calcification found that
Curcumin and silybin were the more effective, inhibiting both reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase and muscle cells (VSMCs) mineralization, according to "Natural antioxidants and vascular calcification: a possible benefit" by Roman-Garcia P, Barrio-Vazquez S, Fernandez-Martin JL, Ruiz-Torres MP, Cannata-Andia JB.(2)

3. Liver diseases
In the observation of Silymarin from the milk thistle plant Silybum marianum and its anti liver diseases effect found that the efficacy of silymarin may be more readily observed in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients because of their higher flavonolignan plasma concentrations and more extensive enterohepatic cycling compared with those in HCV patients, according to the study of "Differences in the Disposition of Silymarin between Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Chronic Hepatitis C" by Schrieber SJ, Hawke RL, Wen Z, Smith PC, Reddy KR, Wahed AS, Belle SH, Afdhal NH, Navarro VJ, Meyers CM, Doo E, Fried MW.(3)

4. Anti-inflammatory effects
In the evaluation of Silymarin, derived from milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Milk thistle and its anti inflammatory effect in chronic hepatitis C patient found that Silymarin exerts anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects, and suggest that complementary and alternative medicine-based approaches may assist in the management of patients with chronic hepatitis C, according to "Inhibition of T-cell inflammatory cytokines, hepatocyte NF-kappaB signaling, and HCV infection by standardized Silymarin" by Polyak SJ, Morishima C, Shuhart MC, Wang CC, Liu Y, Lee DY.(4)

5. Prostate cancer
In the analyzing silibinin, a polyphenolic flavonolignan derived from milk thistle (Silybum marianium) and it effects in prostate cancer found that 13 g of oral silybin-phytosome daily, in 3 divided doses, appears to be well tolerated in patients with advanced prostate cancer and is the recommended phase II dose. Asymptomatic liver toxicity is the most commonly seen adverse event, according to "A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of silybin-phytosome in prostate cancer patients" by Flaig TW, Gustafson DL, Su LJ, Zirrolli JA, Crighton F, Harrison GS, Pierson AS, Agarwal R, Glodé LM.(5)

6. Memory impairment
In demonstration of silibinin and it effect in brain energy metabolism found that pretreatment with silibinin (100 and 200mg/kg, po) attenuated STZ induced memory impairment by reducing oxidative and nitrosative stress and synaptosomal calcium ion level. Further, silibinin dose dependently restored ATP level indicating improvement in brain energy metabolism, according to "Improvement of brain energy metabolism and cholinergic functions contributes to the beneficial effects of silibinin against streptozotocin induced memory impairment" by Tota S, Kamat PK, Shukla R, Nath C.(6)

7. Bladder cancer
In the investigation of silibinin and it effect on bladder cancer found that oral silibinin suppressed the growth of 5637 xenografts, which was accompanied with the activation of caspase-3, downregulation of survivin, and increased translocation of AIF. Furthermore, intravesical silibinin effectively inhibited the carcinogenesis and progression of bladder cancer in rats initiated by MNU by reducing the incidence of superficial and invasive bladder lesions without any side effects, which was accompanied with proapoptotic effects, according to "Chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects of intravesical silibinin against bladder cancer by acting on mitochondria" by Zeng J, Sun Y, Wu K, Li L, Zhang G, Yang Z, Wang Z, Zhang D, Xue Y, Chen Y, Zhu G, Wang X, He D.(7)

(8) Fibrosarcoma
In the study of silibinin and it effects in fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells found that silibinin-induced autophagy was a positive regulator of apoptotic cell death, it was possible that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and p38-NF-κB mediated silibinin-induced autophagy and eventually led to cell death, according to "Silibinin activated ROS-p38-NF-κB positive feedback and induced autophagic death in human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells" by Duan WJ, Li QS, Xia MY, Tashiro S, Onodera S, Ikejima T.(8)

9. Alzheimer's disease (AD)
In the demonstration of silibinin and its effect on Aβ aggregation found that silibinin prevented SH-SY5Y cells from injuries caused by Aβ(1-42)-induced oxidative stress by decreasing H(2)O(2) production in Aβ(1-42)-stressed neurons. Taken together, these results indicate that silibinin may be a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD, according to "Silibinin: A novel inhibitor of Aβ aggregation" by Yin F, Liu J, Ji X, Wang Y, Zidichouski J, Zhang J.(9)

10. Breast cancer
in the investigation of Silibinin, a natural flavonoid and its anti breast cancer cell MCF7 and T47D found that apoptotic events in both cell types differ temporally and also by magnitude that involved mitochondrial and caspase-8 activation pathway. These results have relevance in understanding silibinin treatment to breast tumor, according to "Silibinin-induced apoptosis in MCF7 and T47D human breast carcinoma cells involves caspase-8 activation and mitochondrial pathway" by Tiwari P, Kumar A, Balakrishnan S, Kushwaha HS, Mishra KP.(10)

11. Acute Myeloid leukemia (AML)
in the researcher of silibinin on proliferation and apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells found that the cross-talk mechanism mediated by caspase-8-dependent Bid cleavage can contribute to the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by curcumin + carnosic acid. Collectively, these results suggest a mechanistic basis for the potential use of dietary plant polyphenol combinations in the treatment and prevention of AML, according to "Distinct combinatorial effects of the plant polyphenols curcumin, carnosic acid, and silibinin on proliferation and apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells" by Pesakhov S, Khanin M, Studzinski GP, Danilenko M.(11)

12. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Phytochemicals - 11 Health Benefits of Naringenin

Naringenin, a flavanone, belonging to the red, blue, purple pigments of Flavonoids (polyphenols) found predominantly in citrus fruits is considered as one of powerful antioxiant with many health benefits.

Health benefits
1. Antioxidant, radical scavenging and biomolecule activity
In the affirmation of the capacity of flavonoid naringenin and its glycoside naringin in the comparison of theirs antioxidant capacities, radical scavenging and biomolecule activities found that naringenin exhibited higher antioxidant capacity and hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenger efficiency than naringin and both flavanones were equally effective in reducing DNA damage. However, they show no protective effect on oxidation of GSH, according to the study of "Antioxidant properties, radical scavenging activity and biomolecule protection capacity of flavonoid naringenin and its glycoside naringin: a comparative study" by Cavia-Saiz M, Busto MD, Pilar-Izquierdo MC, Ortega N, Perez-Mateos M, Muñiz P.(1)

2. Colon cancer
In the comparison of flavonoids and limonoids and theirs effects on colon cancer found that The ability of dietary apigenin and naringenin to reduce HMACF, lower proliferation (naringenin only) and increase apoptosis may contribute toward colon cancer prevention, according to "Apigenin and naringenin suppress colon carcinogenesis through the aberrant crypt stage in azoxymethane-treated rats" by Leonardi T, Vanamala J, Taddeo SS, Davidson LA, Murphy ME, Patil BS, Wang N, Carroll RJ, Chapkin RS,Lupton JR, Turner ND.(2)

3. Lung metastasis
In the investigation of Naringenin and its defect in lung metastasis in a breast cancer found that orally administered naringenin significantly decreased the number of metastatic tumor cells in the lung and extended the life span of tumor resected mice. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that T cells displayed enhanced antitumor activity in naringenin treated mice, with an increased proportion of IFN-γ and IL-2 expressing T cells, according to the study of "Naringenin reduces lung metastasis in a breast cancer resection model" by Qin L, Jin L, Lu L, Lu X, Zhang C, Zhang F, Liang W.(3)

4. Anti cancers and tumors
In the study of Naringenin and its anti cancer and tumor effects found that NGEN promotes apoptosis in rat C6 glioma model by promoting the apoptotic effect, modulation of Bcl-2/Bax ratio leads to release of Cyt C from mitochondria, thereby activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 is mediated by enhanced expression of Cx43, according to "Naringenin promote apoptosis in cerebrally implanted C6 glioma cells" by Sabarinathan D, Mahalakshmi P, Vanisree AJ.(4)

5. Pulmonary fibrosis
In the analyzing Naringenin and its effect in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis which can lead to lung cancer found that Naringenin significantly reduces lung metastases in mice with pulmonary fibrosis and increases their survival by improving the immunosuppressive environment through down-regulating transforming growth factor-beta1 and reducing regulatory T cells. Naringenin could be an ideal therapeutic agent in the treatment of both cancer and fibrosis, according to "Naringenin: a potential immunomodulator for inhibiting lung fibrosis and metastasis" by Du G, Jin L, Han X, Song Z, Zhang H, Liang W.(5)

6. Multidrug-resistant cancer cells
In the observation of 12 phenolic compounds, including three stilbenes, two flavonoids, two coumarins, one neolignan, and four lignans, isolated from Euphorbia and Pycnanthus species or obtained by derivatization and theirs effects against multidrug-resistant human cancer cells found that the most active compound was the flavonoid naringenin, found to be 15-fold more effective against the atypical MDR subline of gastric carcinoma than in parental drug-sensitive cells, according to "Phenolic compounds as selective antineoplasic agents against multidrug-resistant human cancer cells' by Duarte N, Lage H, Abrantes M, Ferreira MJ.(6)

7. Hepatic lipid metabolism
In the examination of naringenin and its effect of disruption of lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis which may contribute to an important factor in the development of prevalent metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis found that naringenin regulates the activity of nuclear receptors PPARalpha, PPARgamma, and LXRalpha as it activates the ligand-binding domain of both PPARalpha and PPARgamma, while inhibiting LXRalpha in GAL4-fusion reporters, according to "Transcriptional regulation of human and rat hepatic lipid metabolism by the grapefruit flavonoid naringenin: role of PPARalpha, PPARgamma and LXRalpha" by Goldwasser J, Cohen PY, Yang E, Balaguer P, Yarmush ML, Nahmias Y.(7)

8. Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
In the evaluation of naringenin and its effect Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection found that naringenin is a non-toxic assembly inhibitor of HCV and that other PPARα agonists play a similar role in blocking viral production. The combination of naringenin with STAT-C agents could potentially bring a rapid reduction in HCV levels during the early treatment phase, an outcome associated with sustained virological response, according to "Naringenin inhibits the assembly and long-term production of infectious hepatitis C virus particles through a PPAR-mediated mechanism" by Goldwasser J, Cohen PY, Lin W, Kitsberg D, Balaguer P, Polyak SJ, Chung RT, Yarmush ML, Nahmias Y.(8)

9. Cholesterol-lowering activity
In the affirmation of naringenin and its Cholesterol-lowering effect found that naringenin lowers the plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations by suppressing HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet, according to "Cholesterol-lowering activity of naringenin via inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase in rats" by Lee SH, Park YB, Bae KH, Bok SH, Kwon YK, Lee ES, Choi MS.(9)

10. Anti-inflammatory effects
In the evaluation of the mechanisms of action of the effective compounds. Flavone, the isoflavones daidzein and genistein, the flavonols isorhamnetin, kaempferol and quercetin, the flavanone naringenin, and the anthocyanin pelargonidin amd theirs anti-inflammatory effects found that they inhibited iNOS protein and mRNA expression and also NO production in a dose-dependent manner, according to "Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids: genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein inhibit STAT-1 and NF-kappaB activations, whereas flavone, isorhamnetin, naringenin, and pelargonidin inhibit only NF-kappaB activation along with their inhibitory effect on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages" by Hämäläinen M, Nieminen R, Vuorela P, Heinonen M, Moilanen E.(10)

11. Immunity
In the unvestigation of Naringenin, a flavonoid in grapefruits and citrus fruits and its effec in immune system found that naringenin potently suppressed picryl chloride (PCl)-induced contact hypersensitivity by inhibiting the proliferation and activation of T lymphocytes. In vitro, both of the activated hapten-specific T cells and the T cells stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 showed growth arrest after naringenin treatment, according to "A novel regulatory mechanism of naringenin through inhibition of T lymphocyte function in contact hypersensitivity suppression" by Fang F, Tang Y, Gao Z, Xu Q.(11)

12. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Phytochemicals - 12 Health Benefits of Hesperidin

Hesperidin is a Flavanones, belonging to the flavonoid in Flavonoids (polyphenols)(C₂₈H₃₄O₁₅), found abundantly in citrus fruits.

Health Benefits
1. Cholesterol lowering
In the investigation of Hesperidin, the most important flavanone of Citrus sp., and its effect of lowering cholesterol found that hesperidin significantly increases HDL and lowers cholesterol, LDL, total lipid and triglyceride plasma levels in normolipidemic rats and in rats with diet- and triton-induced hyperlipidemia, according to "Biological effects of hesperidin, a Citrus flavonoid. (note II): hypolipidemic activity on experimental hypercholesterolemia in rat" by Monforte MT, Trovato A, Kirjavainen S, Forestieri AM, Galati EM, Lo Curto RB.(1)

2. Hypertension
In the evaluation of Long-term administration of hesperidin (HES) or glucosyl hesperidin (GHES), a water-soluble analogue of HES and theirs effects on antihypertensive effect on spontaneously hypertensive rats found that HES as well as GHES improves serum cholesterol composition and that GHES inhibits hypertrophy in vasculature as well, according to "Glucosyl hesperidin improves serum cholesterol composition and inhibits hypertrophy in vasculature" by Ohtsuki K, Abe A, Mitsuzumi H, Kondo M, Uemura K, Iwasaki Y, Kondo Y.(2)

3. Anti-infection
in the administration of a citrus flavonoid hesperidin (HES) and its effect on infection found that HES markedly suppressed plasma levels of TNF-alpha and high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB-1), decreased the number of apoptotic cells in livers and normalized the activated states of blood coagulation factors such as prothrombin time and platelet numbers caused by infection, according to "A citrus flavonoid hesperidin suppresses infection-induced endotoxin shock in mice" by Kawaguchi K, Kikuchi S, Hasunuma R, Maruyama H, Yoshikawa T, Kumazawa Y.(3)

4. Anti-inflammatory activity
In the investigation of hesperidin (50 and 100 mg kg-1, s.c.) and its anti-inflammatory activity found that hesperidin obtained from citrus cultures may present a potential therapeutical use as a mild anti-inflammatory agent, being also useful as a precursor of new flavonoids endowed with such activity, according to"Pharmacological evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of a citrus bioflavonoid, hesperidin, and the isoflavonoids, duartin and claussequinone, in rats and mice" by Emim JA, Oliveira AB, Lapa AJ.(4)

5. Sedative and antinociceptive effects
In the observation of hesperidin (hesperetin-7-rhamnoglucoside) and its sedative activity found that a possible beneficial use of the association of hesperidin with benzodiazepines, not only to improve human sedative therapy, but also in the management of pain, according to "Opioid receptors are involved in the sedative and antinociceptive effects of hesperidin as well as in its potentiation with benzodiazepines" by Loscalzo LM, Wasowski C, Paladini AC, Marder M.(5)

6. Nutrigenomic effect
In the analyzing citrus polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), mainly tangeretin, or citrus flavanone glucosides, hesperidin and naringin and theirs effect found that that regular consumption of orange juice for 4 weeks alters leukocyte gene expression to an anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic profile, and hesperidin displays a relevant role in the genomic effect of this beverage, according to "Hesperidin displays relevant role in the nutrigenomic effect of orange juice on blood leukocytes in human volunteers: a randomized controlled cross-over study" by Milenkovic D, Deval C, Dubray C, Mazur A, Morand C.(6)

7. Endothelial cells
In the observation of investigate the different effects of three representative flavonoids-hesperidin, naringin, and resveratrol and their effect on intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) induction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) found that hesperidin, naringin, and resveratrol reduced the HG-induced ICAM-1 expression via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, contributing to the inhibition of monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, according to "Flavonoids inhibit high glucose-induced up-regulation of ICAM-1 via the p38 MAPK pathway in human vein endothelial cells" by Kim SW, Kim CE, Kim MH.(7)

8. Plasma concentration
in the examination of hesperidin (Hp) and naringin (Nar), two major citrus flavanones and theirs effect in regulating of bone metabolism found that the higher efficacy of Hp at a lower plasma concentration than naringin, as well as the identification of the major circulating metabolite of hesperidin (hesperetin-7-O-glucuronide) underlines the importance of flavanone bioavailability and metabolism in their biological efficacy and suggests a structure-function relationship in the mechanism of action of the active metabolites, according to "Differential effects of two citrus flavanones on bone quality in senescent male rats in relation to their bioavailability and metabolism" by Habauzit V, Sacco SM, Gil-Izquierdo A, Trzeciakiewicz A, Morand C, Barron D, Pinaud S, Offord E, Horcajada MN.(8)

9. Bone mineral density
In administration of hesperidin, one of the main flavonoid present in oranges and its effect in bone found that Hp consumption resulted in a significant increase in bone mineral density (BMD). Indeed, 6-mo-old HpSH rats had a similar BMD to 9-mo-old nontreated SH adult rats, suggesting an accelerated bone mass gain in the young rats. In contrast, in intact adult rats, Hp did not further increase BMD but did improve their bone strength, according to the study of "Hesperidin inhibits ovariectomized-induced osteopenia and shows differential effects on bone mass and strength in young and adult intact rats" by Horcajada MN, Habauzit V, Trzeciakiewicz A, Morand C, Gil-Izquierdo A, Mardon J, Lebecque P, Davicco MJ, Chee WS, Coxam V, Offord E.(9)

10. Memory dysfunction
In the research of Hesperidin (50 and 100 mg/kg, po) and its effect ischemic reperfusion cerebral injury-induced memory dysfunction found that hesperidin treatment significantly attenuated histopathological alterations compared to control (I/R) animals. L-arginine (100 mg/kg) pretreatment attenuated the protective effect of the lower dose of hesperidin on memory behavior, according to "Hesperidin pre-treatment attenuates NO-mediated cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury and memory dysfunction" by Gaur V, Kumar A.(10)

11. Bleeding bladder varices
In the study of hesperidin 150 mg bid or tid for 30 days in 4 cases and its effect on bleeding bladder varicose veins found that 2 cases that bled the haematuria disappeared and in the 4 cases in the control cystoscopy the varicose veins had disappeared, according to "[Use of flavonoids (hesperidin) in the treatment of bleeding bladder varices]. [Article in Spanish]" by Granados Loarca EA.(11)

12. Diabetes
In the confirmation of hesperidin and cyclodextrin (CD)-clathrated hesperetin, in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) and theirs hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects found that hesperidin and CD-hesperetin normalized glucose metabolism by altering the activities of glucose-regulating enzymes and reducing the levels of lipids in the serum and liver of the GK rats, according to "Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of hesperidin and cyclodextrin-clathrated hesperetin in Goto-Kakizaki rats with type 2 diabetes" by Akiyama S, Katsumata S, Suzuki K, Nakaya Y, Ishimi Y, Uehara M.(12)

13. Etc.

**Overdose of glucoside hesperidin decreased bone density loss, according to the study of "Hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid, inhibits bone loss and decreases serum and hepatic lipids in ovariectomized mice" by Chiba H, Uehara M, Wu J, Wang X, Masuyama R, Suzuki K, Kanazawa K, Ishimi Y.(a)

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Phytochemicals - 10 Health Benefits of Isorhamnetin

Isorhamnetin is an O-methylated flavonol, a type of Flavonols, belonging to Flavonoids (polyphenols) found in Tagetes lucida.

Health benefits
1. Antioxidant activity
in the investigation the phenolic composition and antioxidant activities of aqueous infusions from wild-grown caper ( Capparis spinosa L.) and sea fennel ( Crithmum maritimum L.) from the Dalmatia region (Croatia) after their submission to an in vitro digestion process. HPLC/UV-vis-DAD/ESI-MS analysis of the caper infusion identified rutin, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, and isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside as dominant flavonoids found that Both infusions exhibited good and dose-dependent antioxidant activity before in vitro digestion by the DPPH method, the β-carotene bleaching method, and copper-induced oxidation of human LDL, according to the study of "Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous Infusions from Capparis spinosa L. and Crithmum maritimum L. before and after Submission to a Two-Step in Vitro Digestion Model" by Siracusa L, Kulisic-Bilusic T, Politeo O, Krause I, Dejanovic B, Ruberto G.(1)

2. Stabilization of beta-catenin
In the evaluation of isorhamnetin and its effect of anti-adipogenic effects in stabilization of beta-catenin found that Isorhamnetin inhibited the adipocyte differentiation of hAMSCs. Additionally, when the effects of Wnt antagonists that promote adipogenesis were evaluated, isorhamnetin was found to down-regulate the mRNA levels of sFRP1 and Dkk1, but had no effect on the mRNA levels of sFRP2, sFRP3, sFRP4 and Dkk3, according to "Isorhamnetin-induced anti-adipogenesis is mediated by stabilization of beta-catenin protein" by Lee J, Lee J, Jung E, Hwang W, Kim YS, Park D.(2)

3. Anti-inflammatory properties
In the observation of quercetin and its major metabolites quercetin-3-glucuronide (Q3G) and isorhamnetin and theirs effects on on inflammatory gene expression found that Anti-inflammatory properties of quercetin and isorhamnetin were accompanied by an increase in heme oxygenase 1 protein levels, a downstream target of the transcription factor Nrf2, known to antagonize chronic inflammation, according to "Effect of quercetin and its metabolites isorhamnetin and quercetin-3-glucuronide on inflammatory gene expression: role of miR-155" by Boesch-Saadatmandi C, Loboda A, Wagner AE, Stachurska A, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J, Döring F, Wolffram S, Rimbach G.(3)

4. Skin inflammation
In the analyzing the aerial parts of Artemisia capillaris Thunberg (Compositae)(AR), containing Nine major compounds, scopoletin, scopolin, scoparone, esculetin, quercetin, capillarisin, isorhamnetin, 3-O-robinobioside, isorhamnetin 3-O-galactoside and chlorogenic acid and theirs effect on Skin inflammation found that AR and some of their major constituents are 5-LOX inhibitors, and these in vitro and in vivo activities may contribute to the therapeutic potential of AR in skin inflammatory disorders in traditional medicine, according to "Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase and skin inflammation by the aerial parts of Artemisia capillaris and its constituents" by Kwon OS, Choi JS, Islam MN, Kim YS, Kim HP.(4)

5. Myelogenous erythroleukaemia cells
In the confirmation of isorhamnetin3-O-rutinoside (I3-O-R) of ethyl acetate extract (EA) obtained from Nitraria retusa leaves and its effect on human chronic myelogenous erythroleukaemia cells (K562) found that Apoptosis, revealed by DNA fragmentation and PARP cleavage, was observed after 48-h incubation of these human myelogenous erythroleukaemia cells (K562), with the tested products. Likewise, caspase 3 and caspase 8 activities were induced in the presence of the EA extract and I3-O-R after 48 h of incubation, according to "Ethyl acetate extract and its major constituent, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, from Nitraria retusa leaves, promote apoptosis of human myelogenous erythroleukaemia cells" by Boubaker J, Bhouri W, Ben Sghaier M, Ghedira K, Dijoux Franca MG, Chekir-Ghedira L.(5)

6. Cytotoxicity
In the examination of heterogenoside E and F, isolated from Lysimachia heterogenea Klatt, together with the eight known compounds, including isorhamnetin-3-O-galactopyranoside found that The cytotoxic activities of anagallisin C, heterogenoside E and F were weak, according to "Two new triterpenoids from Lysimachia heterogenea Klatt and evaluation of their cytotoxicity" by Huang XA, Shen XL, Hu YJ, Liu YM, Liu KL, Zhang FX, Zhou XX.(6)

7. Hepatoprotective activities
In the investigation of antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of phenolic rich fraction (PRF) of Seabuckthorn leaves on CCl(4) including 319.33 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g PRF and some of its phenolic constituents, such as gallic acid, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin and theirs effect on hepatoprotective activities found that PRF has potent antioxidant activity, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against CCl(4) induced oxidative damage in the liver found that Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of phenolic rich fraction of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves" by Maheshwari DT, Yogendra Kumar MS, Verma SK, Singh VK, Singh SN.(7)

8. Osteoporosis
In the analyzing crude ethanolic extract of TSZ. the seeds of Cuscuta chinensis (Tu-Si-Zi, TSZ), including quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, hyperoside and astragalin and theirs effects found that the clinical use of TSZ in the treatment of osteoporosis, and demonstrated that kaempferol and hyperoside are the active compounds in TSZ for the osteogenic effect, according to "Antiosteoporotic compounds from seeds of Cuscuta chinensis" by Yang L, Chen Q, Wang F, Zhang G.(8)

9. Skin cancer
In the analyzing 3'-Methoxy-3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone (isorhamnetin) in fruits and medicinal herbs and its effect on skin cancer found that sorhamnetin inhibited epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced neoplastic cell transformation. It also suppressed anchorage-dependent and -independent growth of A431 human epithelial carcinoma cells. Isorhamnetin attenuated EGF-induced COX-2 expression in JB6 and A431 cells. In an in vivo mouse xenograft using A431 cells, isorhamnetin reduced tumor growth and COX-2 expression, according to "Isorhamnetin suppresses skin cancer through direct inhibition of MEK1 and PI3-K" by Kim JE, Lee DE, Lee KW, Son JE, Seo SK, Li J, Jung SK, Heo YS, Mottamal M, Bode AM, Dong Z, Lee HJ.(9)

10. cytochrome P-450 1A1 (CYP1A1) activity
In the examination of a standard reference material of a Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), containing kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, ginkgolides and bilobalid found that demonstrated a strong induction (p < 0.005) of CYP1A1 activity and a slight, but significant (p < 0.005), decrease of this activity in the presence of B[a]P by the GBE at the realistic exposure level of 100 μg/ml, according to "Modulation of CYP1A1 activity by a Ginkgo biloba extract in the human intestinal Caco-2 cells" by Ribonnet L, Callebaut A, Nobels I, Scippo ML, Schneider YJ, De Saeger S, Pussemier L, Larondelle Y.(10)

11. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Pages

Friday, November 25, 2011