tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-41418447462729588782024-03-13T14:02:02.032-07:00Phytochemicals in FoodsPlease note that all articles written by Kyle. J. Norton are for information and education only, please consult with your doctor or related field specialist before applying.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger125125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-19163838907498014332012-02-18T15:51:00.006-08:002012-03-30T02:54:17.556-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 11 Health Benefits of Phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate)<span style="font-weight: bold;">Phytic acid (Inositol hexaphosphate) </span>are phytichemicasl of the organic acid found abunadantly in nuts, sesame seeds, soybeans, wheat, pumpkin, beans, almonds, etc.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Benefits</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Alzheimer's disease (AD) </span><br />
In the evaluation of the protective and beneficial effects of <span class="highlight">phytic acid</span> against amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology in MC65 cells and the Tg2576 mouse model, showed that there was a significant increase in brain levels of cytochrome oxidase and a decrease in lipid peroxidation with <span class="highlight">phytic acid</span> administration. In a treatment paradigm, 12-month old Tg2576 and wild type mice were treated with 2% <span class="highlight">phytic acid</span> or vehicle for 6 months. Brain levels of copper, iron, and zinc were unaffected. The effects of <span class="highlight">phytic acid</span> were modest on the expression of AβPP trafficking-associated protein AP180, autophagy-associated proteins (beclin-1, LC3B), sirtuin 1, the ratio of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (PAMPK) to AMPK, soluble Aβ1-40, and insoluble Aβ1-42. These results suggest that <span class="highlight">phytic acid</span> may provide a viable treatment option for AD, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Phytic acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> as a potential treatment for alzheimer's pathology: evidence from animal and in vitro models</span>" by Anekonda TS, Wadsworth TL, Sabin R, Frahler K, Harris C, Petriko B, Ralle M, Woltjer R, Quinn JF.(1)<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Colorectal cancer</span><br />
In the investigation of the effect of <span class="highlight">phytic acid</span> (inositol hexaphosphate, IP6) as a potential adjuvant in treatment of colorectal carcinoma, found that all employed concentrations of IP6 or IP6/Ins decreased proliferation of the cell lines, with the maximum decrease being observed in HT-29 cells. Metabolic activity of treated cells differed in response to IP6 and IP6/Ins treatment; in HT-29 and SW-620 significant decrease was observed only at the highest concentration, whereas in SW-480 cells metabolic activity was lower at each concentration except 0.2 and 1 mM IP6 or IP6/Ins in 24-h incubation, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Effect of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">phytic acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> and inositol on the proliferation and apoptosis of cells derived from colorectal carcinoma</span>" by Schröterová L, Hasková P, Rudolf E, Cervinka M.(2)<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Glucose Metabolism</span><br />
In the evaluation of the effect of dietary feeding of rice bran and <span class="highlight">phytic acid</span> on the glucose metabolism in high fat-fed C57BL/6N mice fed, the tested mice were given with either a high fat diet only (HF group) or a high fat diet supplemented with rice bran (HF-RB group) or <span class="highlight">phytic acid</span> (HF-PA group) for 7 weeks, found that The control mice (NC group) received a normal diet. At the end of the experimental period, the HF group exhibited substantially higher blood glucose level than the NC group. However, the HF-RB and HF-PA groups showed a marked decrease in the blood glucose level relative to HF mice. Furthermore, significantly higher glucokinase (GK) activity and lower phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity were observed in HF-RB and HF-PA mice compared with that of the NC and HF ones. It was also found that the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pase) activity and hepatic glycogen concentration were considerably higher in HF-RB and HF-PA groups, respectively, than that of the HF mice, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Modulatory Effect of Rice Bran and </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Phytic Acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> on Glucose Metabolism in High Fat-Fed C57BL/6N Mice</span>" by Kim SM, Rico CW, Lee SC, Kang MY.(3)<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Cholesterol-lowering effects </span><br />
In the investigation of the effects of four types of antinutritional factor (<span class="highlight">phytic acid</span>, stachyose, soy saponins and soy isoflavones) on lipoprotein levels in plasma of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, found that addition of 0·2-0·8% <span class="highlight">phytic acid</span> or 0·4-1·5% stachyose decreased plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, increased plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, thereby increasing the LDL-C:HDL-C ratio. By contrast, supplementation with 0·35-0·7% soy saponins generally depressed plasma TC levels and the LDL-C:HDL-C ratio. Supplementation with 0·35-0·7% soy isoflavones, however, increased plasma TC and TG levels. These results indicate that soy saponins may be partly responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effects of soybean meal, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Effects of antinutritional factors on plasma lipoprotein levels in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus</span>" by Deng JM, Mai KS, Ai QH, Zhang WB, Wang XJ, Xu W, Liufu ZG, Cai YH, Chen W.(4)<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Antiaging</span><br />
In the evaluation of the anti aging effects of of the gel and cream containing niosomes entrapped with the rice bran bioactive compounds, including ferulic <span class="highlight">acid</span> (F), γ-oryzanol (O), and <span class="highlight">phytic acid</span> (P), found that the formulations containing niosomes entrapped with the rice bran bioactive compounds gave superior clinical anti-aging activity which can be applied as a novel skin product, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Anti-aging efficacy of topical formulations containing niosomes entrapped with rice bran bioactive compounds</span>" by Manosroi A, Chutoprapat R, Abe M, Manosroi W, Manosroi J.(5)<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">6. Antioxidant activities and skin hydration effects </span><br />
In the evaluation of antioxidant activities [by in vitro ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) and ex vivo lipid peroxidation inhibition assay] and in vivo human skin hydration effects of gel and cream containing the rice bran extracts entrapped in niosomes, found that Gel and cream containing the rice bran extracts entrapped in niosomes showed higher antioxidant activity (ORAC value) at 20-28 micromol of Trolox equivalents (TE) per gram of the sample than the placebo gel and cream which gave 16-18 micromolTE/g. Human sebum treated with these formulations showed more lipid peroxidation inhibition activity than with no treatment of about 1.5 times. The three different independent techniques including corneometer, vapometer and confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM) indicated the same trend in human skin hydration enhancement of the gel or cream formulations containing the rice bran extracts entrapped in niosomes of about 20, 3 and 30%, respectively, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Antioxidant activities and skin hydration effects of rice bran bioactive compounds entrapped in niosomes</span>" by Manosroi A, Chutoprapat R, Sato Y, Miyamoto K, Hsueh K, Abe M, Manosroi W, Manosroi J.(6)<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">7. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties </span><br />
In the investigation of the nutritive and biological properties of the meal from Rapa Catozza Napoletana (RCN) (Brassica rapa L. var. rapa) cultivar seeds as a new and alternative source of proteins, found that RCN seed meal could be highly regarded as a component of human nutrition and animal feed for its good protein content, desirable amino <span class="highlight">acid</span> profile and low antinutrient concentration. Results for the sample indicated appreciable antiradical activity and good properties for meal stability, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Rapa Catozza Napoletana (Brassica rapa L. var. rapa DC.) seed meal, a promising protein source of Campania region (southern Italy) horticultural germplasm</span>" by Tenore GC, Troisi J, Di Fiore R, Basile A, Novellino E.(7)<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">8. Antioxidant and type 2 diabetes </span><br />
In the evaluation of the antioxidant and type 2 diabetes related enzyme inhibition properties of <span class="highlight">phytic acid</span> extract prepared from raw and traditionally processed local grains and vegetables collected from Kenya, showed that <span class="highlight">phytic acid</span> extract from raw samples revealed 59%-89% of DPPH radical scavenging capacity, 27-3,526 mmol Fe(II)/g extract of reducing power, 20%-72% of α-amylase inhibition activity and 8%-91% of α-glucosidase inhibition activity. Cooking and roasting improved the antioxidant and health relevant functionality of <span class="highlight">phytic acid</span> extracts obtained from Kenyan local vegetables and grains, respectively, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Antioxidant and type 2 diabetes related functional properties of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">phytic acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> extract from Kenyan local food ingredients: effects of traditional processing methods</span>' by Kunyanga CN, Imungi JK, Okoth MW, Biesalski HK, Vadivel V.(8)<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">9. Skin cancer</span><br />
in the assessment of the protective effects of IP6 against UVB irradiationinduced injury and photocarcinogenesis by using HaCaT cells (human immortalized keratinocytes) and SKH1 hairless mice, found that treatment with IP6 also decreased UVB-induced apoptosis and caspase 3 activation. Topical application of IP6 followed by exposure to UVB irradiation in SKH1 hairless mice decreased tumor incidence and multiplicity as compared with control mice. Our results suggest that IP6 protects HaCaT cells from UVB-induced apoptosis and mice from UVB-induced tumors, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Protective effect of inositol hexaphosphate against UVB damage in HaCaT cells and skin carcinogenesis in SKH1 hairless mice</span>" by Williams KA, Kolappaswamy K, Detolla LJ, Vucenik I.(9)<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">10. Cancer inhibition</span><br />
A striking anticancer effect of IP6 was demonstrated in different experimental models, showed that IP6 holds great promise in our strategies for the prevention and treatment of cancer. IP6 plus inositol enhances the anticancer effect of conventional chemotherapy, controls cancer metastases, and improves the quality of life, as shown in a pilot clinical trial. The data strongly argue for the use of IP6 plus inositol in our strategies for cancer prevention and treatment. However, the effectiveness and safety of IP6 plus inositol at therapeutic doses needs to be determined in phase I and phase II clinical trials in humans, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Cancer inhibition by inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) and inositol: from laboratory to clinic</span>' by Vucenik I, Shamsuddin AM.(10)<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">11. Bone mineral density</span><br />
In the study of the influence of phytate consumption on bone mineral density, indicated that the results obtained seem to indicate that the adequate consumption of phytate may play an important role in the prevention of bone mineral density loss in postmenopausal women, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">[The influence of consumption of phytate on the bone mass in posmenopausal women of Mallorca].[Article in Spanish]</span>" by López-González AA, Grases F, Marí B, Vicente-Herrero MT, Costa-Bauzá A, Monroy N.(11)<br />
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12. Etc.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20930278">(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20930278</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20127021">(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20127021</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664725">(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664725</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22268430">(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22268430</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22235888">(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22235888</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21449379">(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21449379</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22173690">(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22173690</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21895422">(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21895422</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21819680">(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21819680</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14608114">(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14608114</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21794821">(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21794821</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-7513788532994121952012-02-18T15:50:00.008-08:002012-03-16T18:36:50.138-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 11 Health Benefits of Piperine<span style="font-weight: bold;">Piperine</span> is a phytochemical alkaloid<span></span><span class="mw-redirect"> in the class of organosulfur compound,</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Organosulfides">found abundantly in </span> white and black pepper, long pepper,<span class="mw-headline" id="Organosulfides"> etc.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Benefits</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Anti bacterial activities</span><br />In the valuation of novel synthetic analogues of piperine as inhibitors of multidrug efflux pump NorA of Staphylococcus aureus, showed that </span>a newly identified class of compounds derived from a natural amide, piperine, is more potent than the parent molecule in potentiating the activity of ciprofloxacin through the inhibition of the NorA efflux pump. These molecules may prove useful in augmenting the antibacterial activities of fluoroquinolones in a clinical setting, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Novel structural analogues of piperine as inhibitors of the NorA efflux pump </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">of </span><em><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></em><span style="font-weight: bold;">Staphylococcus aureus" </span>by Ashwani Kumar, Inshad Ali Khan, Surrinder Koul, Jawahir Lal Koul, Subhash Chandra Taneja, Intzar Ali, Furqan Ali, Sandeep Sharma, Zahid Mehmood Mirza, Manoj Kumar, Pyare Lal Sangwan, Pankaj Gupta, Niranjan Thota and Ghulam Nabi Qazi(1)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Anti-inflammatory Effect </span><br />In the investigation of investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> against adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats, an experimental model for rheumatoid arthritis and compared it with that of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin, found that Histopathological analysis of joints also revealed that synovial hyperplasia and mononuclear infiltration observed in arthritic rats were alleviated by <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span>. Thus, the present study clearly indicated that <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> possesses promising anti-inflammatory effect against adjuvant-induced arthritis by suppressing inflammation and cartilage destruction, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Anti-inflammatory Effect of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Piperine</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> in Adjuvant-Induced Arthritic Rats-a Biochemical Approach</span>" by Murunikkara V, Pragasam SJ, Kodandaraman G, Sabina EP, Rasool M.(2)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Murine breast cancer </span><br />In the investigation of the effects of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span>, a major pungent alkaloid present in Piper nigrum and Piper longum, on the tumor growth and metastasis of mouse 4T1 mammary carcinoma in vitro and in vivo, and elucidation of the underlying mechanisms, showed that Treatment of 4T1 cells with <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> (70-280 μmol/L) dose-dependently induced apoptosis of 4T1 cells, accompanying activation of caspase 3. The cells treated with <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> (140 and 280 μmol/L) significantly increased the percentage of cells in G(2)/M phase with a reduction in the expression of cyclin B1. <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Piperine</span> (140 and 280 μmol/L) significantly decreased the expression of MMP-9 and MMP-13, and inhibited 4T1 cell migration in vitro. Injection of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) dose-dependently suppressed the primary 4T1 tumor growth and injection of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> (5 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the lung metastasis, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Piperine</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo in a 4T1 murine breast cancer model</span>" by Lai LH, Fu QH, Liu Y, Jiang K, Guo QM, Chen QY, Yan B, Wang QQ, Shen JG.(3)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Cytotoxicity </span><br />In the investigation of the protective effect of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> treatment on corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, showed that <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> co-treatment revealed a differential effect on the cytotoxicity of corticosterone and had its maximum inhibitory effect at 1 μM. <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Piperine</span> (1 μM) co-treatment also significantly decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species level, and enhanced superoxide dismutase activity and total glutathione level in corticosterone-treated PC12 cells. In addition, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> (1 μM) co-treatment was found to reverse the decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA level caused by corticosterone in PC12 cells, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Protective Effects of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Piperine</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Against Corticosterone-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cell</span>s" by Mao QQ, Huang Z, Ip SP, Xian YF, Che CT.(4)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Human metabolic syndrome</span><br />In the examination of the dietary supplementation with <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span>, the active principle of black pepper, to high carbohydrate, high fat (HCHF) diet-fed rats as a model of human metabolic syndrome. Rats were fed with either HCHF diet (carbohydrate, 52%; fat, 24%; 25% fructose in drinking water) or cornstarch (CS) diet for a total of 16 weeks. Diets of the treatment groups (CS + <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> and HCHF + <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span>) were supplemented with <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> for the last 8 weeks of this protocol, found that After 16 weeks, rats fed with HCHF diet developed hypertension, elevated oxidative stress and inflammation-induced cardiac changes (infiltration of inflammatory cells in heart, increase in count and degranulation of mast cells in heart, cardiac fibrosis and increase in ventricular stiffness), reduced responsiveness of aortic rings, impaired glucose tolerance, abdominal obesity together with liver fibrosis, fat deposition and increased plasma liver enzymes. Supplementation with <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> (375 mg/kg food; approximately 30 mg/kg/day) in HCHF-fed rats normalized blood pressure, improved glucose tolerance and reactivity of aortic rings, reduced plasma parameters of oxidative stress and inflammation, attenuated cardiac and hepatic inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis and improved liver function, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Piperine</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Attenuates Cardiovascular, Liver and Metabolic Changes in High Carbohydrate, High Fat-Fed Rats</span>" by Diwan V, Poudyal H, Brown L.(5)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">6. Hypertension</span><br />In the study of the effects of curcuma and black pepper compounds on increased blood pressure and remodeling of aorta in the rat model of experimental NO-deficient hypertension, showed that administration of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> or curcumin, less their combination, is able to partially prevent the increase of blood pressure caused by chronic L-NAME administration. The spices modify the remodeling of the wall of the aorta induced by hypertension. Our results show that independent administration of curcumin is more effective in preventing negative changes in blood vessel morphology accompanying hypertensive disease, according to"<span style="font-weight: bold;">Spice up the hypertension diet - curcumin and </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">piperine</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> prevent remodeling of aorta in experimental L-NAME induced hypertension</span>" by Hlavačková L, Janegová A, Uličná O, Janega P, Cerná A, Babál P.(6)<br /><br />7. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Synergistic effects</span><br />in the evaluation of the effects of curcumin alone and with adjuvant <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> against benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) induced oxidative stress in lungs of male Swiss albino mice, showed that BaP treatment alone did not alter significantly the GST activity. Pretreatment with curcumin increased the GST activity in BaP treated group, which was enhanced further upon synergistic treatment with <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> and curcumin. Therefore, combined administration of curcumin and <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> shall prove to be more effective in attenuating BaP induced toxicity, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Synergistic effects of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">piperine</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> and curcumin in modulating benzo(a)pyrene induced redox imbalance in mice lungs</span>" by Sehgal A, Kumar M, Jain M, Dhawan DK.(7)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">8. Antimicrobial, antileishmanial and cytotoxic compounds </span><br />in the evaluation of the petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of the root of Piper chaba showed antimicrobial, antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities, led to the isolation of Bornyl piperate (1), piperlonguminine (2) and <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> (3), showed that the isolated compounds (1 and 2) showed potent antifungal activity when compared with standard drug Nystatin, and significant cytotoxic activity with the IC(50) values of 0.76 and 0.83 µg mL(-1), respectively. These compounds were also found to have weak antibacterial and antileishmanial activities. This is the first report about the antileishmanial activity of Piper isolates, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Antimicrobial, antileishmanial and cytotoxic compounds from Piper chaba</span>" by<br /><div class="auths">Naz T, Mosaddik A, Rahman MM, Muhammad I, Haque ME, Cho SK.(8)<br /><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">9. Antigenotoxic effects</span><br />In the investigation of the antigenotoxic effects of curcumin and <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> separately and in combination against benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) induced DNA damage in lungs and livers of mice, found thatPretreatments of curcumin and curcumin plus <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> before administration of single dose of BaP significantly decreased the levels of 8-oxo-dG content and % DNA in the comet tail in both the tissues. Moreover, the genoprotective potential of curcumin plus <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> was significantly higher as compared to curcumin alone against BaP induced DNA damage, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Combined effects of curcumin and </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">piperine</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> in ameliorating benzo(a)pyrene induced DNA damage</span>" by Sehgal A, Kumar M, Jain M, Dhawan DK.(9)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">10. Multidrug resistant cancer cells</span><br />Over-expression of P-gp, MRP1 and BCRP in tumor cells is one of the important mechanisms leading to multidrug resistance (MDR), which impairs the efficacy of chemotherapy. P-gp, MRP1 and BCRP are ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) transporters, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> can potentiate the cytotoxicity of anti-cancer drugs in resistant sublines, such as MCF-7/DOX and A-549/DDP, which were derived from MCF-7 and A-549 cell lines. At a concentration of 50 μM <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> could reverse the resistance to doxorubicin 32.16 and 14.14 folds, respectively. It also re-sensitized cells to mitoxantrone 6.98 folds. In addition, long-term treatment of cells by <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> inhibits transcription of the corresponding ABC transporter genes, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Piperine</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">, a piperidine alkaloid from Piper nigrum re-sensitizes P-gp, MRP1 and BCRP dependent multidrug resistant cancer cells</span>" by Li S, Lei Y, Jia Y, Li N, Wink M, Ma Y.(10)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">11. Cytosolic isoforms hCA I and II</span><br />In the examination of Caffeine and <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> extracted for inhibition of the human (h) cytosolic isoforms hCA I and II, indicated that The IC(50) values of caffeine against hCA I was of 55 mM, whereas that of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> of 60 mM. The IC(50) values of caffeine and <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">piperine</span> against hCA II were of 2 mM. Although these are quite weak inhibitors they may constitute leads for developing tighter binding compounds, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Carbonic anhydrase I and II inhibition with natural products: caffeine and </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">piperine</span>" by Sethi KK, Sahoo SK, Pichikala JN, Suresh P.(11)<br /><br />12. Etc.<br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span><br /><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/6/1270.full">(1)</a><em><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/6/1270.full"> http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/6/1270.full</a><br style="font-style: italic;"><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22389056">(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22389056</a><br style="font-style: italic;"><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22388073">(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22388073</a><br style="font-style: italic;"><a style="font-style: italic;" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22205277">(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22205277</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22038304"><span style="font-style: italic;">(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22038304</span></a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22005253">(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22005253</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21859361">(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21859361</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21834629">(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21834629</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21827816">(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21827816</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21802927">(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21802927</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21612376">(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21612376</a><br /><br /></em><em><br /><br /></em>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-24024258230783818392012-02-18T15:49:00.015-08:002012-03-16T16:13:08.319-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 11 Health Benefits of Allyl isothiocyanate<span style="font-weight: bold;">Allyl isothiocyanate</span> is phytochemical <span class="mw-redirect">containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound,</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Organosulfides">found abundantly in </span> horseradish, mustard, wasabi, etc.<br /><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Benefits</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Brain Cancer</span><br />In the investigation of that AITC significantly decreased proliferation and viability of human brain malignant glioma GBM 8401 cells in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 9.25+/-0.69 microM for 24 h-treatment, showed that Pretreatment with specific inhibitors of caspase-3 (Z-DEVE-FMK) and -9 (Z-LEHD-FMK) significantly reduced caspase-3 and -9 activity in GBM 8401 cells. Western blot analysis and colorimetric assays also displayed that AITC caused a time-dependent increase in cytosolic cytochrome c, pro-caspase-9, Apaf-1, AIF, Endo G and the stimulated caspase-9 and -3 activity. Our results suggest that AITC is a potent anti-human brain malignant glioma drug and it shows a remarkable action on cell cycle arrest before commitment for apoptosis is reached, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Allyl isothiocyanate</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> triggers G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in human brain malignant glioma GBM 8401 cells through a mitochondria-dependent pathway</span>' by Chen NG, Chen KT, Lu CC, Lan YH, Lai CH, Chung YT, Yang JS, Lin YC.(1)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Bladder cancer</span><br />Urinary concentrations of AITC equivalent are at least ten times higher than in the plasma, and tissue levels of AITC equivalent in the urinary bladder were 14-79 times higher than in other organs after oral AITC administration to rats. AITC may be most effective in the bladder as a cancer chemopreventive compound. AITC at high-dose levels also exhibit a low degree of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in animal studies, but such adverse effects are unlikely in humans exposed to dietary levels of AITC. Overall, AITC exhibits many desirable attributes of a cancer chemopreventive agent, and further studies are warranted in order to elucidate its mechanism of action and to assess its protective activity in humans, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Allyl isothiocyanate</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> as a cancer chemopreventive phytochemica</span>l" by Zhang Y.(2)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Antimicrobial effects</span><br />In the investigation of the antimicrobial effect of a chitosan coating+<span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allyl isothiocyanate</span> (AIT) and nisin against Salmonella on whole fresh cantaloupes, showed that The same coating treatment completely inactivated mold and yeast on cantaloupe at day 1 and no regrowth occurred even up to 14days of storage. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that cell membrane damage and leakage of intercellular components occurred as a result of the chitosan-AIT coating treatments. No visual changes in overall appearance and color of cantaloupe rind and flesh due to coating treatments were observed. These results indicate that the application of an antimicrobial coating may be an effective method for decontamination of cantaloupes, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Inactivation of Salmonella on whole cantaloupe by application of an antimicrobial coating containing chitosan and </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">allyl isothiocyanate</span>" by Chen W, Jin TZ, Gurtler JB, Geveke DJ, Fan X.(3)<br /><br />4. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Stress response</span><br />In the examination of the effects of AITC on heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression in Caenorhabditis elegans and factors affecting the production of AITC from its precursor, sinigrin, a glucosinolate, in ground Brassica juncea cv. Vulcan seed as mustard has some potential as a biopesticide, found that AITC induced toxicity in C. elegans, as measured by HSP70 expression.• Conditions required for the conversion of sinigrin to AITC in ground B. juncea seed were determined.• The use of C. elegans as a bioassay to test AITC or mustard biopesticide efficacy is discussed, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Allyl isothiocyanate</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> induced stress response in Caenorhabditis elegans</span>" by Saini AK, Tyler RT, Shim YY, Reaney MJ.(4)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Anti cancers</span><br />In the review of whether AITC arrests human bladder cancer cells in mitosis and also induces apoptosis, suggested that AITC induced mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis, as shown by cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytoplasm, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and formation of TUNEL-positive cells. Inhibition of caspase-9 blocked AITC-induced apoptosis. Moreover, we found that apoptosis induction by AITC depended entirely on mitotic arrest and was mediated via Bcl-2 phosphorylation at Ser-70. Pre-arresting cells in G(1) phase by hydroxyurea abrogated both AITC-induced mitotic arrest and Bcl-2 phosphorylation. Overexpression of a Bcl-2 mutant prevented AITC from inducing apoptosis, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Allyl isothiocyanate</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> arrests cancer cells in mitosis, and mitotic arrest in turn leads to apoptosis via Bcl-2 protein phosphorylation</span>' by Geng F, Tang L, Li Y, Yang L, Choi KS, Kazim AL, Zhang Y.(5)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">6. Anti-inflammatory effects</span><br />In the evaluation of the underlying mechanisms of the potential anti-inflammatory properties of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allyl-isothiocyanate</span> (AITC) were analysed in vitro and in vivo, showed that 1. AITC was slightly less potent than sulforaphane (used as a positive control) in down-regulating inflammation in LPS stimulated macrophages. A significant increase in nuclear Nrf2 and heme oxygenase 1 gene expression and only a moderate down-regulation of interleukin 1β and microRNA-155 levels due to AITC was found in mouse liver. Present data suggest that AITC exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity in cultured macrophages in vitro but has only relatively little anti-inflammatory activity in mice in vivo, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Anti-inflammatory potential of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">allyl-isothiocyanate</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">-role of Nrf2, NFκB and microRNA-155</span>" by Wagner AE, Boesch-Saadatmandi C, Dose J, Schultheiss G, Rimbach G.(6)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">7. Colorectal Cancer</span><br />In the study conducted by Department of Biology, Science Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, AITC was shown to inhibit the proliferation of human metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma SW620 cells in vitro by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Allyl isothiocyanate</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> induces G2/M arrest in human colorectal adenocarcinoma SW620 cells through down-regulation of Cdc25B and Cdc25C</span>" by Lau WS, Chen T, Wong YS.(7)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">8. Prostate cancer</span><br />In the demonstartion of that <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allyl isothiocyanate</span> (AITC), a constituent of cruciferous vegetables, significantly inhibits proliferation of cultured PC-3 (androgen-independent) and LNCaP (androgen-dependent) human prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with an IC(50) of approximately 15-17 micro M, found that A significant reduction in the expression of cyclin B1 protein (approximately 45%) was observed only in LNCaP cells. A 24 h exposure of PC-3 and LNCaP cells to an apoptosis-inducing concentration of AITC (20 micro M) resulted in a significant decrease (31-68%) in the levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in both cell lines, and approximately 58% reduction in Bcl-X(L) protein expression in LNCaP cells. In conclusion, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that AITC, and possibly other ITCs, may find use in the treatment of human prostate cancers, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Allyl isothiocyanate</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">, a constituent of cruciferous vegetables, inhibits proliferation of human prostate cancer cells by causing G2/M arrest and inducing apoptosis</span>" by Xiao D, Srivastava SK, Lew KL, Zeng Y, Hershberger P, Johnson CS, Trump DL, Singh SV.(8)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">9. Health benefits</span><br />In the research of nutritional significance of parent glucosinolate sinigrin 50 μmol/kg b. w./day and its degradation product <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allyl isothiocyanate</span> 25 μmol/kg b. w./day and 50 μmol/kg b. w./day for their influence on some parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in an animal rat model in vivo after their single (4 h) and 2 weeks oral administration, showed that the effect of SIN and AITC is multidirectional, indicating its impact on many organs like liver as well as pancreas, intestine in vivo action and rat adipocytes in vitro. Whilst consumption of cruciferous vegetables at levels currently considered "normal" seems to be beneficial to human health, this data suggest that any large increase in intake could conceivably lead to undesirable effect. This effect is potentiated with time of action of the examined compounds, whose influence is rather adverse for the majority of metabolic pathways, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Multidirectional time-dependent effect of sinigrin and </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">allyl isothiocyanate</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> on metabolic parameters in rats</span>" by Okulicz M.(9)<br /><br />10. White Blood Cells (WBCs)<br />In the investigation of the effects of AITC (dose=20 mg/kg body weight/day for 10 days, subcutaneous: s.c.) on the number of WBCs (total WBCs, lymphocytes, monocyte, neutrophil, basophil and eosinophil) and plasma corticosterone concentrations in adult male rats, showed that administration of AITC decreased significantly the number of total WBCs on days 1-4 post s.c. injection by 25-27%. AITC also decreased the number of lymphocytes on days 1-10 by 21-36% and monocyte on days 1-8 by 28-78%. However, administration of AITC increased the number of neutrophil on days 8-10 by 61-112%. AITC did not change the number of eosinophil and basophil. Plasma corticosterone concentrations during the experimental period were 4.7-8.4 times significantly higher in the AITC group than in the control group, indicating that AITC induced stress-responses, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Allyl isothiocyanate</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">-induced changes in the distribution of white blood cells in rats</span>" by Imaizumi K, Sato S, Sakakibara Y, Mori S, Ohkuma M, Kawashima Y, Ban T, Sasaki H, Tachiyashiki K.(10)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">11. Liver cancer</span><br />In the investigation of the possible protective effect of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allyl isothiocyanate</span> (AITC) in nitrite- and nitrosamine-treated human hepatoma cells (HepG2) with the evaluation by cytotoxic effects and genotoxic effects determined by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), showed that <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Allyl isothiocyanate</span> treatment enhanced cell viability and reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in both nitrite- and nitrosamine-treated cells significantly. In SCGE, when compared to untreated control cells, all of the treated groups caused increases in the tail intensity (%) such as nitrite at 17%, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) at 279%, N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) at 324%, and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) at 288%, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Effect of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">allyl isothiocyanate</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> (AITC) in both nitrite- and nitrosamine-induced cell death, production of reactive oxygen species, and DNA damage by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE): does it have any protective effect on HepG2 cells?</span>" by Erkekoğlu P, Baydar T.(11)<br /><br />12. Etc.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20596632">(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20596632</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19960458">(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19960458</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22361025">(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22361025</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093285">(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093285</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21778226">(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21778226</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21692985">(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21692985</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21472349">(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21472349</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12771033">(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12771033</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20809411">(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20809411</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20686346">(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20686346</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448263">(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448263</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-77165488039123052512012-02-18T15:49:00.012-08:002012-03-15T19:11:53.130-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 11 Health Benefits of Allicin<span style="font-weight: bold;"> Allicin</span> is phytochemical <span class="mw-redirect">containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound,</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Organosulfides">found abundantly in onion and garlic.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Benefits</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Antibacterial activities</span><br />In the </span>comparison of those of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allicin</span> and several clinically useful antibiotics using two representative bacteria commonly found in the human environment, Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli, indicated that The garlic extract had more potent anti-staphylococcal activity than an equal amount of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allicin</span>. In terms of antibiotic potency against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, authentic <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allicin</span> had roughly 1-2% of the potency of streptomycin (vs. S. aureus), 8% of that of vancomycin (vs. S. aureus), and only 0.2% of that of colistin (vs. E. coli), according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Antibacterial potential of garlic-derived </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">allicin</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> and its cancellation by sulfhydryl compounds</span>" by Fujisawa H, Watanabe K, Suma K, Origuchi K, Matsufuji H, Seki T, Ariga T.(1)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Cognitive effects</span><br />In the assessment of the effects of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allicin</span> on endogenous antioxidant defenses in hippocampus of cognitively impaired aged mouse, showed that treatment of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allicin</span> significantly ameliorated ageing-induced cognitive dysfunction through enhancing of Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathways. Therefore, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allicin</span> could be recommended as a possible candidate for the prevention and therapy of cognitive deficits in aging and Alzheimer's disease, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Allicin</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ameliorates cognitive deficits ageing-induced learning and memory deficits through enhancing of Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathways</span>" by Li XH, Li CY, Lu JM, Tian RB, Wei J.(2)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Chronic Occupational Lead Poisoning</span><br />In the investigation of the therapeutic effects of garlic and comparison with d-penicillamine in patients with chronic lead poisoning, found that garlic seems safer clinically and as effective as d-penicillamine. Therefore, garlic can be recommended for the treatment of mild-to-moderate lead poisoning, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Comparison of Therapeutic Effects of Garlic and d-Penicillamine in Patients with Chronic Occupational Lead Poisoning, according to</span> " Kianoush S, Balali-Mood M, Mousavi SR, Moradi V, Sadeghi M, Dadpour B, Rajabi O, Shakeri MT.(3)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Free radical scavenger capacity</span><br />In a theoretical study on the free radical scavenger capacity of α-mangostin in Mangosteen and its monoanion is analyzed using the density functional theory approximation, indicated that In thermodynamics and kinetics, α-mangostin and its deprotonated form are good free radical scavenger through the HAT mechanism, with the anionic (deprotonated) form being more reactive than the neutral one. Their capacity to scavenge OOH free radical is similar to that of carotenes, higher than that of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allicin</span>, much higher than that of melatonin and N-acetylcysteine amide, and about 15 times lower than that of 2-propenesulfenic acid, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Free radical scavenger properties of α-mangostin: thermodynamics and kinetics of HAT and RAF mechanisms</span>" by Martínez A, Galano A, Vargas R.(4)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Antimicrobial activity </span><br />Alliums are inhibitory against all tested microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. Alliums inhibit multi-drug-resistant microorganisms and often work synergistically with common antimicrobials. Allium-derived antimicrobial compounds inhibit microorganisms by reacting with the sulfhydryl (SH) groups of cellular proteins, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Antimicrobial properties of allium species</span>" by Kyung KH.(5)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">6. Murine T-lymphocytes (EL-4) </span><br />In the investigation of the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allicin</span> in murine T-lymphocytes (EL-4) and the mechanism of inducing apoptosis in vitro, found that <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allicin</span> was effective in inhibiting the proliferation of EL-4 cells in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allicin</span> could induce the formation of apoptotic bodies, nuclear condensation, DNA spallation, and even activated the expression of caspase-3, -12 and cytochrome C (cyt C). Finally, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allicin</span> up-regulated the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and induced a mitochondrion membrane potential (MMP) decrease. <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Allicin</span> induced apoptosis in EL-4 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, in which the mitochondrial pathway might play a central role, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Allicin</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> induces apoptosis in EL-4 cells in vitro by activation of expression of caspase-3 and -12 and up-regulation of the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2</span>" by Wang Z, Liu Z, Cao Z, Li L.(6)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">7. Anti tumor activities</span><br />The combination treatments using chemotherapeutic agents with distinct molecular mechanisms are considered more promising for higher efficacy; however, using multiple agents contributes to added toxicity, in-vitro and in-vivo studies in the last few decades, showed that some phytochemicals derived from 'natural products' such as fruits, vegetables and certain spices, referred to as chemopreventive agents, including capsaicin, trans-anethole, thymoquinone, diosgenin, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allicin</span>, can not only reduce the risk of acquiring specific cancer but also have been shown to suppress cancer cell proliferation, inhibit growth factor signaling pathways, induce apoptosis, inhibit nuclear factor-κB, AP-1, Akt, MAPK, Wnt, Notch, p53, AR, ER, and JAK-STAT, etc., activation pathways, inhibit angiogenesis, suppress the expression of antiapoptotic proteins, and inhibit cyclooxygenase-2, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Antitumor promoting potential of selected phytochemicals derived from spices: a review</span>" by Rajput S, Mandal M.(7)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">8. Antioxidants and anti cancers</span><br />In the evaluation of the potential anticancer effects of different type of processed garlic extracts on WEHI-164 tumor cells in inbred BALB/c mice and correlate the tumor growth rates with some garlic constituents, showed that three weeks following tumor inoculation, the mean tumor size in garlic extract-treated groups was reduced with significant reductions observed in the fresh and microwaved extract groups compared with the control group (P<.05). The antioxidant capacity and the amounts of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allicin</span>, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds in differentially processed garlic were evaluated and correlated with their anticancer activities, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Correlation between antioxidant activity of garlic extracts and WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma tumor growth in BALB/c mice</span>" by Shirzad H, Taji F, Rafieian-Kopaei M.(8)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">9. Dental caries and periodontitis</span><br />In the testing the antimicrobial activity of garlic <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allicin</span> on oral pathogens associated with dental caries and periodontitis, found that the result support the traditional medicinal use of garlic and suggest the use of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allicin</span> for alleviating dental diseases, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Garlic </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">allicin</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> as a potential agent for controlling oral pathogens</span>" by Bachrach G, Jamil A, Naor R, Tal G, Ludmer Z, Steinberg D.(9)<br /><br />10. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Prevention and treatment of the common cold</span><br />In the review the evidence supporting complementary and alternative medicine approaches to treatment and prevention of the common cold in adults, indicated that for prevention, vitamin C demonstrated benefit in a large meta-analysis, with possibly increased benefit in patients subjected to cold stress. There is inconsistent evidence for Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Allicin</span> was highly effective in 1 small trial. For treatment, Echinacea purpurea is the most consistently useful variety; it was effective in 5 of 6 trials. Zinc lozenges were effective in 5 of 9 trials, likely owing to dose and formulation issues. Overall, the evidence suggests no benefit from probiotics for prevention or treatment of the common cold, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Complementary and alternative medicine for prevention and treatment of the common cold</span>" by Nahas R, Balla A.(10)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">11. Neuroprotective diseases</span><br />In the investigation of the neuroproyective effects of (1) flavonoid polyphenols like epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea and quercetin from apples; (2) non-flavonoid polyphenols such as curcumin from tumeric and resveratrol from grapes; (3) phenolic acids or phenolic diterpenes such as rosmarinic acid or carnosic acid, respectively, both from rosemary; and (4) organosulfur compounds including the isothiocyanate, L-sulforaphane, from broccoli and the thiosulfonate <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allicin</span>, from garlic, indicated that alternative mechanisms of action have also been suggested for the neuroprotective effects of these compounds such as modulation of signal transduction cascades or effects on gene expression. Here, we review the literature pertaining to these various classes of nutraceutical antioxidants and discuss their potential therapeutic value in neurodegenerative diseases, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Nutraceutical antioxidants as novel neuroprotective agents</span>" by Kelsey NA, Wilkins HM, Linseman DA.(11)<br /><br />12. Etc.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19734685">(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19734685</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22390900">(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22390900</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22151785">(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22151785</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21936544">(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21936544</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903379">(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903379</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21902562">(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21902562</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21876437">(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21876437</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21812650">(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21812650</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21548800">(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21548800</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21322286">(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21322286</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21060289">(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21060289</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-8975243971754242142012-02-18T15:49:00.011-08:002012-03-15T19:10:57.103-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 10 Health Benefits of Alliin<span style="font-weight: bold;">Alliin </span>(S-allyl-L-cysteine-S-oxide) <span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>is a phytochemical compound sulfoxide,. a derivative of the amino acid cysteine, belonging to the class of sulfur compounds, found abundantly in fresh garlic and onion.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Benefits</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Antioxidant properties</span><br />In the investigation of the antioxidant properties of garlic compounds representing the four main chemical classes, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">alliin</span>, allyl cysteine, allyl disulfide, and allicin, prepared by chemical synthesis or purification, showed that <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Alliin</span> scavenged superoxide, while allyl cysteine and allyl disulfide did not react with superoxide. Allicin suppressed the formation of superoxide by the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, probably via a thiol exchange mechanism. <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Alliin</span>, allyl cysteine, and allyl disulfide all scavenged hydroxyl radicals; the rate constants calculated based on deoxyribose competitive assay were 1.4-1.7 x 10(10), 2.1-2.2 x 10(9), and 0.7-1.5 x 10(10) M (1) second(1), respectively, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">The antioxidant properties of garlic compounds: allyl cysteine, </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">alliin</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">, allicin, and allyl disulfide</span>" by Chung LY.(1)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Anti diabetes </span><br />In comparison of the production and therapeutic efficiency of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">alliin</span> extracted from garlic leaves of plants grown under ex situ and in situ conditions, found that <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Alliin</span> production noted ~50% enhancement in leaves from plants grown under in situ conditions. Serum glucose, triglycerides, total lipids, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol in diabetic rats treated with <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">alliin</span> produced from in situ grown plants noted significant reduction of ~54%, 15%, 14%, 20%, 24%, and 15%, while 35%, 14%, 10%, 12%, 17% and 11% reduction was noted in diabetic rats treated with <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">alliin</span> produced from ex situ grown plants in comparison with those administered with distilled water. High-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol did not show any significant change. Leaf extract of plants lowered serum enzyme levels (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase) toward the norm better than glibenclamide, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Alliin</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> obtained from leaf extract of garlic grown under in situ conditions possess higher therapeutic potency as analyzed in alloxan-induced diabetic rat</span>s" by Nasim SA, Dhir B, Kapoor R, Fatima S, Mahmooduzzafar, Mujib A.(2)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Antibacterial activity</span><br />In the investigation of an antimicrobial sulfur compound newly isolated from heated garlic extract, showed that the compound was CH₂=CH-CH₂-S-S-S-CH₂-CH(NH₂)COOH, 3-(allyltrisulfanyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid, a derivative of cysteine, presumably derived from <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">alliin</span> (S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide). This novel compound has comparatively potent anti-yeast activity and rather weak antibacterial activity, similar to other antimicrobial compounds in garlic, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">3-(allyltrisulfanyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid, a novel nonvolatile water-soluble antimicrobial sulfur compound in heated garlic</span>" by Kang SS, Lim DR, Kyung KH.(3)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Ovarian cancer</span><br />In the investigation of a chemical conjugate between daidzein and the garlic enzyme alliinase and its effect on human ovarian cancer cells, suggest that the targeted alliinase conjugates in the presence of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">alliin</span>, generated therapeutically effective levels of allicin which were capable of suppressing tumor progression of intraperitoneal ovarian cancer in an animal model, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Conjugates of daidzein-alliinase as a targeted pro-drug enzyme system against ovarian carcinoma</span>" by Appel E, Rabinkov A, Neeman M, Kohen F, Mirelman D.(4)<br /><br />5. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Mitochondrial dysfunction</span><br />In the evaluation of the preventive role of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide (SACS) in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiotoxicity in male Wistar rats, showed that oral administration of SACS for a period of 35 days to the normal control rats did not show any significant effect. Histopathological studies of the myocardial tissue showed a protective role of SACS in the myocardial-infarcted rats. The effect at a dose of SACS 80 mg/kg was more effective than the dose 40 mg/kg. The results of the study conclude that SACS protect the mitochondria of the ISO-induced myocardial-infarcted rats, according to '<span style="font-weight: bold;">Preventive effect of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide (</span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Alliin</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">) on mitochondrial dysfunction in normal and isoproterenol induced cardiotoxicity in male Wistar rats: a histopathological study</span>" by Sangeetha T, Darlin Quine S.(5)<br /><br />6. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Anti-fungal efficacy </span><br />In the evaluation of the in vitro anti-fungal efficacy of the active principle of garlic, pure allicin and polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with allicin.<br />found that that pure allicin has stronger in vitro anti-fungal efficacy to six tested fungi than alliinase and <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">alliin</span>. Moreover, it has improved significantly after pure allicin being wrapped into PBCA NP, which may be due to the NP's good prolonged release effect and nano-scale dimensions, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Anti-fungal efficacy of polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles of allicin and comparison with pure allicin</span>" by Luo DQ, Guo JH, Wang FJ, Jin ZX, Cheng XL, Zhu JC, Peng CQ, Zhang C.(6)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">7. Antithrombotic and anticancer effects</span><br />In the review of modern scientific research has revealed that the wide variety of dietary and medicinal functions of garlic can be attributed to the sulfur compounds present in or generated from garlic, indicated that although garlic produces more than 20 kinds of sulfide compounds from a few sulfur-containing amino acids, their functions are different from one another; e.g., allicin, methyl allyl trisulfide, and diallyl trisulfide have antibacterial, antithrombotic, and anticancer activities, respectively, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Antithrombotic and anticancer effects of garlic-derived sulfur compounds: a review</span>" by Ariga T, Seki T. (7)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">8. Anti-angiogenesis</span><br />In the demonstartion of dose-dependent of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Alliin</span>, a compound derived from garlic, in inhibition of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2)-induced human endothelial cell (EC) tube formation and angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model, showed that these data indicated a synergistic effect of antioxidants on the anti-angiogenesis and anticancer efficacy of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">alliin</span>. These data also suggest the implication of cellular NO and p53 as mediators of anti-angiogenesis and anticancer effects of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">alliin</span>, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Anti-angiogenesis efficacy of the garlic ingredient </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">alliin</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> and antioxidants: role of nitric oxide and p53</span>" by Mousa AS, Mousa SA.(8)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">9. Serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness </span><br />in the testing the effect of dried garlic (Allium sativum) powder on blood lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in a 12-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Seventy-five healthy, normo-lipidaemic volunteers (men and women aged 40-60 years) were assigned to dried garlic powder tablets (10.8 mg <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">alliin</span> (3-(2-propenylsulfinyl)-L-alanine)/d, corresponding to about three garlic cloves) or placebo, showed that garlic powder was associated with a near-significant decrease (12 %) in triacylglycerol concentration (P=0.07). In conclusion, garlic powder tablets have no clinically relevant lipid-lowering and blood pressure-lowering effects in middle-aged, normo-lipidaemic individuals. The putative anti-atherosclerotic effect of garlic may be linked to risk markers other than blood lipids, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in normo-lipidaemic volunteers: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial</span>" by Turner B, Mølgaard C, Marckmann P.(9)<br /><br />10. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Hepatoprotective effect</span><br />In the study of the interaction of the non-protein amino acid <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">alliin</span> with the enzyme alliinase (<span class="highlight" style="background-color:">alliin</span> lyase, EC 4.4.1.4). D-Galactosamine highly sensitizes the host response of the experimental animal to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) and causes fulminant hepatitis within 8h after administration, indicated that In D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS)-induced hepatitis rats, a significant increase of lipid peroxidation and decreased liver antioxidant enzyme levels are observed. Pretreatment with allicin, the active component of freshly crushed garlic cloves, prevented these alterations, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Hepatoprotective effect of allicin on tissue defense system in galactosamine/endotoxin challenged rats</span>" by Vimal V, Devaki T.(10)<br /><br />11. Etc.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16822206">(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16822206</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21391887">(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21391887</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20828317">(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20828317</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20678009">(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20678009</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19262997">(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19262997</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19105898">(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19105898</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16823096">(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16823096</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16351512">(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16351512</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15522140">(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15522140</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14698523">(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14698523</a><br /><span style="text-decoration: underline;"></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic"></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-23817719447718844722012-02-18T15:49:00.009-08:002012-03-15T17:33:45.228-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 10 Health Benefits of Sinigrin<span style="font-weight: bold;">Sinigrin</span> is a phytochemical glucosinolate, belongs to the family of glucosides found abundantly in Brussels sprouts, broccoli, the seeds of black mustard, etc.<br /><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Benefits</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Bladder cancer</span><br />In the design of testing the hypothesis of AITC-containing cruciferous vegetables also inhibit bladder cancer development, indicated that Comparison between hydrated MSP-1 and pure <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sinigrin</span> with added myrosinase suggested that the anticancer effect of MSP-1 was derived principally, if not entirely, from the AITC generated from <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sinigrin</span>. In an orthotopic rat bladder cancer model, oral MSP-1 at 71.5 mg/kg (<span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sinigrin</span> dose of 9 μmol/kg) inhibited bladder cancer growth by 34.5% (P < 0.05) and blocked muscle invasion by 100%, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Allyl isothiocyanate-rich mustard seed powder inhibits bladder cancer growth and muscle invasion</span>" by Bhattacharya A, Li Y, Wade KL, Paonessa JD, Fahey JW, Zhang Y.(1)<br /><br />2. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Multidirectional time-dependent effect </span><br />In a research of nutritional significance of parent glucosinolate <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sinigrin</span> 50 μmol/kg b. w./day and its degradation product allyl isothiocyanate 25 μmol/kg b. w./day and 50 μmol/kg b. w./day was studied by the evaluation of their influence on some parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in an animal rat model in vivo after their single (4 h) and 2 weeks oral administration, showed that the effect of SIN and AITC is multidirectional, indicating its impact on many organs like liver as well as pancreas, intestine in vivo action and rat adipocytes in vitro. Whilst consumption of cruciferous vegetables at levels currently considered "normal" seems to be beneficial to human health, this data suggest that any large increase in intake could conceivably lead to undesirable effect, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Multidirectional time-dependent effect of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">sinigrin</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> and allyl isothiocyanate on metabolic parameters in rats</span>" by Okulicz M.(2)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia</span><br />In the examination of the bioactivity of Yamato-mana (Brassica rapa L. Oleifera Group) constituent glucosinolates with 3-butenyl glucosinolate (gluconapin) decreased the plasma triglyceride gain induced by corn oil administration to mice, indicated that phenethyl glucosinolate (gluconasturtiin) had little effect. 2-Propenyl glucosinolate (<span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sinigrin</span>) also reduced the plasma triglyceride level, which suggests that alkenyl glucosinolates might be promising agents to prevent postprandial hypertriglyceridemia, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Suppressive effect of Yamato-mana (Brassica rapa L. Oleifera Group) constituent 3-butenyl glucosinolate (gluconapin) on postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in mic</span>e" by Washida K, Miyata M, Koyama T, Yazawa K, Nomoto K.(3)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Antimicrobial effects</span><br />In the investigation of Allyl isothiocyanate (AIT) derived from the glucosinolate <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sinigrin</span> found in plants of the family Brassicaceae and its antimicrobial agent against a variety of organisms, including foodborne pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, found that it can be postulated that: 1) AIT is a more effective antimicrobial at low pH values and its degradation reduces this activity; 2) decomposition products in water might not participate in the antimicrobial action of AIT; and 3) AIT seems to have a multi-targeted mechanism of action, perhaps inhibiting several metabolic pathways and damaging cellular structures, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Enzymatic inhibition by allyl isothiocyanate and factors affecting its antimicrobial action against Escherichia coli O157:H7</span>" by Luciano FB, Holley RA.(4)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Liver cancer</span><br />In the determination of the inhibitory effects of AITC and its NAC conjugate on cell proliferation, the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), adhesion, invasion, and migration in SK-Hep 1 human hepatoma cells, found that AITC and NAC-AITC suppress SK-Hep 1 cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner; by 25% and 30% for 10 microM AITC and 10 microM NAC-AITC, respectively. The influence of AITC and NAC-AITC on the gene expression of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs). Gelatin zymography also revealed a significant downregulation of MMP-2/-9 expression in SK-Hep1 cells treated with 0.1-5 microM AITC and NAC-AITC compared with controls. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction revealed dose-dependent decreases in MMP-2/-9 messenger RNA levels in both AITC-treated and NAC-AITC-treated cells, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Allyl isothiocyanate and its N-acetylcysteine conjugate suppress metastasis via inhibition of invasion, migration, and matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 activities in SK-Hep 1 human hepatoma cells</span>" by Hwang ES, Lee HJ.(5)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">6. Detoxication enzymes</span><br />In the examination of the ability of allyl nitrile, a hydrolysis product of the glucosinolate <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sinigrin</span>, to increase tissue levels of the phase 2 detoxication enzymes glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase and GSH in a variety of mouse tissues, found that show that allyl nitrile displays its maximum potency in the stomach and lungs, which is of interest in light of epidemiological studies demonstrating an inverse association between crucifer intake and the incidence of stomach and lung cancers, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Induction of detoxication enzymes in mice by naturally occurring allyl nitrile</span>" by Tanii H, Higashi T, Nishimura F, Higuchi Y, Saijoh K.(6)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">7. Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects</span><br />In the study, Isatis indigotica root extract, five major compounds of I. indigotica root, and seven plant-derived phenolic compounds were tested for anti-SARS-CoV 3CLpro effects using cell-free and cell-based cleavage assays, found that Cleavage assays with the 3CLpro demonstrated that IC50 values were in micromolar ranges for I. indigotica root extract, indigo, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sinigrin</span>, aloe emodin and hesperetin. <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Sinigrin</span> (IC50: 217 microM) was more efficient in blocking the cleavage processing of the 3CLpro than indigo (IC50: 752 microM) and beta-sitosterol (IC50: 1210 microM) in the cell-based assay. Only two phenolic compounds aloe emodin and hesperetin dose-dependently inhibited cleavage activity of the 3CLpro, in which the IC50 was 366 microM for aloe emodin and 8.3 microM for hesperetin in the cell-based assay, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects of Isatis indigotica root and plant-derived phenolic compounds</span>" by Lin CW, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH, Lai CC, Wan L, Ho TY, Hsieh CC, Chao PD.(7)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">8. Colorectal cancer</span><br />In the investigation of raw juice extracted from Brussels sprouts rich in the glucosinolate <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sinigrin</span> to explore the effect of naturally occurring glucosinolate breakdown products on cell cycle progression and apoptosis in human colorectal carcinoma cells (HT29), found that the main glucosinolate breakdown products were as follows: the <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sinigrin</span> breakdown product, 1-cyano-2,3-epithiopropane (ca. 38 mM); the gluconapin hydrolysis product, 3-butenyl isothiocyanate (ca. 2.2.mM); the glucobrassicin metabolite, ascorbigen (ca. 8 mM); and low concentrations of other indole glucosinolate-derived hydrolysis products such as neoascorbigen and 3,3'-diindolylmethane. A variety of biologically active glucosinolate breakdown products are released by mechanical disruption of raw Brussels sprout tissue, but contrary to previous assumptions, allyl isothiocyanate is not the main compound responsible for the inhibition of cell proliferation, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Effects of Brussels sprout juice on the cell cycle and adhesion of human colorectal carcinoma cells (HT29) in vitro</span>" by Smith TK, Lund EK, Clarke RG, Bennett RN, Johnson IT.(8)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">9. </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Tumor cell proliferation and cyclooxygenase inhibitory</span><br />In the investigation of Cyclooxygenase and human tumor cell growth inhibitory from 5 compounds, namely plastoquinone-9 (1), 6-O-acyl-beta-d-glucosyl-beta-sitosterol (2), 1,2-dilinolenoyl-3-galactosylglycerol (3), linolenoyloleoyl-3-beta-galactosylglycerol (4), and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-beta-galactosylglycerol (5). 3-Acyl-sitosterols, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sinigrin</span>, gluconasturtiin, and phosphatidylcholines isolated from horseradish and alpha-tocopherol and ubiquinone-10 from wasabi rhizomes, showed that Compounds 3, 4, and 5 gave 75, 42, and 47% inhibition of COX-1 enzyme, respectively, at a concentration of 250 microg/mL. In a dose response study, compound 3 inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cells (HCT-116) by 21.9, 42.9, 51.2, and 68.4% and lung cancer cells (NCI-H460) by 30, 39, 44, and 71% at concentrations of 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 microg/mL, respectively. At a concentration of 60 microg/mL, compound 4 inhibited the growth of colon, lung, and stomach cancer cells by 28, 17, and 44%, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Tumor cell proliferation and cyclooxygenase inhibitory constituents in horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and Wasabi (Wasabia japonica</span>)" by Weil MJ, Zhang Y, Nair MG.(9)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">10. Antioxidants </span><br />In the examination of the effect of an aqueous extract of cooked Brussels sprouts on formation of 7-hydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) in calf thymus DNA in vitro, found that <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Sinigrin</span>, a glucosinolate abundant in Brussels sprouts, co-eluted with the most effective fraction and had DNA protective effects. In comparison with other antioxidants the patterns of effect of the extract in the five damage systems were more similar to that of sodium azide than to those of dimethylsulfoxide and vitamin C, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Inhibition of oxidative DNA damage in vitro by extracts of brussels sprouts</span>" by Zhu C, Poulsen HE, Loft S.(10)<br /><br />11. Etc.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20889681">(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20889681</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20809411">(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20809411</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20530888">(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20530888</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19346022">(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19346022</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16565438">(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16565438</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16277393">(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16277393</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16115693">(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16115693</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15884814">(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15884814</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15740020">(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15740020</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10885626">(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10885626</a><br /> <span class="mw-headline" id="Organosulfides"></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-45276253802620050202012-02-18T15:48:00.008-08:002012-03-14T19:35:13.134-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 11 Health Benefits of 3,3'-Diindolylmethane<span style="font-weight: bold;">3,3'-Diindolylmethane or DIM</span> are phytochemicals derived from the digestion of indole-3-carbinol, belonging to the group of<span class="mw-headline" id="Organosulfides"> Indoles, found abundantly in broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage and kale, etc.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Benefits</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. </span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Antiinflammatory and chemopreventive effects on Skin</span><br />In the examination of the effects of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">3,3'-Diindolylmethane</span> (DIM) on antiinflammatory and antitumor promotion activity in mouse skin and explored the relevant mechanism, indicated that Several lead compounds, such as genistein (from soybeans), lycopene (from tomatoes), brassinin (from cruciferous vegetables), sulforaphane (from asparagus), <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">indole-3-carbinol</span> (from broccoli), and resveratrol (from grapes and peanuts) are in preclinical or clinical trials for <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">cancer</span> chemoprevention. Phytochemicals have great potential in <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">cancer</span> prevention because of their safety, low cost, and oral bioavailability. In this review, we discuss potential natural <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">cancer</span> preventive compounds and their mechanisms of action, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">3,3'-diindolylmethane</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> suppresses 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and tumor promotion in mouse skin via the downregulation of inflammatory mediator</span>s" by Kim EJ, Park H, Kim J, Park JH.(1)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Antileukemic Activity</span><br />In the study of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">3,3'-diindolylmethane</span> (DIM), one of the active products derived from Brassica plants, for it antitumor effects, showed that DIM significantly induced apoptosis in U937 human leukemia cells in dose- and time-dependent manners. These events were also noted in other human leukemia cells (Jurkat and HL-60) and primary human leukemia cells (AML) but not in normal bone marrow mononuclear cells. DIM-induced lethality is associated with caspases activation, myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) down-regulation, p21(cip1/waf1) up-regulation, and Akt inactivation accompanied by c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Enforced activation of Akt by a constitutively active Akt construct prevented DIM-mediated caspase activation, Mcl-1 down-regulation, JNK activation, and apoptosis, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">3, 3'-Diindolylmethane Exhibits Antileukemic Activity In Vitro and In Vivo through a Akt-Dependent Process</span>" by Gao N, Cheng S, Budhraja A, Liu EH, Chen J, Chen D, Yang Z, Luo J, Shi X, Zhang Z.(2)<span class="mw-headline" id="Organosulfides"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. </span>Cervical Cancer<br />In the examination of </span><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">3,3'-Diindolylmethane</span> (DIM) prevention or inhibition of<span class="highlight" style="background-color:"></span> the progression from cervical dysplasia to Human papilloma viral causes of cervical neoplasia (CIN), found that significant increases in IFN-γ serum concentrations that correlate with the percentage of CIN free mice in each group indicate that 1000 ppm of DIM in food may be the most effective dose for future studies. These results may eventually lead to new and effective vaccination strategies in women already infected with the human papilloma virus, according to '<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">3,3'-Diindolylmethane</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Increases Serum Interferon-γ Levels in the K14-HPV16 Transgenic Mouse Model for Cervical Cancer</span>" by<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Sepkovic%20DW%22%5BAuthor%5D"> </a>Sepkovic DW, Raucci L, Stein J, Carlisle AD, Auborn K, Ksieski HB, Nyirenda T, Bradlow HL.(3)<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. </span>Esophageal cancer<br />In the study of </span><span class="highlight" style="background-color:">3,3'-Diindolylmethane</span> (DIM), an active metabolite of indole-3-carbinol, and its antitumor effects in experimental animals and induction of apoptosis in various cancer cells, showed that DIM significantly inhibited the proliferation of ESCC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The percentage of G1 phase cells increased 48 h after being treated with DIM. DIM also reduced cyclin D1, cyclin E2, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and CDK 6 activities, and increased p15 and p27 levels. Additionally, DIM diminished pro-caspase-9 protein expression levels and induced increased cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase levels, accoridng to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">3,3'-Diindolylmethane</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> suppresses growth of human esophageal squamous cancer cells by G1 cell cycle arrest</span>"by Kim SJ, Lee JS, Kim SM.<span style="font-weight: bold;">(4)<br /><br />5. Prostate cancer<br />In the stuidy of </span>whether DIM inhibits the development of prostate cancer using the transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) model, showed that DIM induced a substantial reduction in the numbers of viable cells and induced apoptosis in LNCaP and DU145 cells. DIM increased the cleavage of caspase-9, -7, -3, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). DIM increased mitochondrial membrane permeability and the translocation of cytochrome c and Smac/Diablo from the mitochondria. Additionally, DIM induced increases in the levels of cleaved caspase-8, truncated Bid, Fas, and Fas ligand, and the caspase-8 inhibitor Z-IETD-FMK was shown to mitigate DIM-induced apoptosis and the cleavage of caspase-3, PARP, and Bid, according to '<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">3,3'-Diindolylmethane</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> inhibits prostate cancer development in the transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate model</span>" by Cho HJ, Park SY, Kim EJ, Kim JK, Park JH.<span style="font-weight: bold;">(5)<br /><br />6. Oral Cancer<br />In the </span>investigation of the antitumor activity of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">3,3'-diindolylmethane</span> (DIM), an active metabolite of the phytochemical indole-3-carbinol (I3C), in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), <span style="font-weight: bold;">showed that </span> DIM stimulated the activation of p53 via Ser-15 phosphorylation, leading to increased expression of the BH3-only proapoptotic Bcl-2 members Puma and Noxa. Together, these changes decreased the mitochondrial threshold for apoptosis. G2/M arrest might be attributable to the suppressive effect of DIM on the expression of cyclin B1 and cdc25c. As many downstream effectors of the Akt-NF-κB pathway, including glycogen synthase kinase 3β, IκB kinase α, and cyclooxygenase-2, have been shown to promote oral tumorigenesis, the ability of DIM to inhibit this signaling axis underscores its chemopreventive potential in oral cancer, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">The dietary phytochemical </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">3,3'-diindolylmethane</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> induces G2/M arrest and apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma by modulating Akt-NF-κB, MAPK, and p53 signaling</span>" by Weng JR, Bai LY, Chiu CF, Wang YC, Tsai MH.<span style="font-weight: bold;">(6)<br /><br />7. Ovarian cancer<br />In the </span> delineation of the mechanism by which DIM suppressed the growth of SKOV3, OVCAR-3 and TOV-21G human ovarian cancer cells, found that DIM treatment also inhibited the kinase activity of ERK as observed by the down regulation of p-ELK in all the three ovarian cancer cell lines. DIM significantly suppressed the growth of ovarian tumors in vivo. Tumor growth suppressive effects of DIM in SKOV-3 tumor xenografts were associated with reduced phosphorylation of EGFR, MEK and ERK, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Blocking EGFR activation suppresses ovarian tumor growth in vitro and in vivo</span>" by Kandala PK, Wright SE, Srivastava SK.<span style="font-weight: bold;">(7)<br /><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">8. </span>Colon cancer<br />In the </span>analyzing the expression pattern of N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 following treatment of human colonic cancer cell lines, suggested that N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 expression is enhanced by <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">3,3'-diindolylmethane</span> in poorly differentiated cells and followed by induction of apoptosis. <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">3,3'-diindolylmethane</span> induced apoptosis may represent a new regulator of N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 in poorly differentiated colonic cancer cells, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">The indolic diet-derivative, </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">3,3'-diindolylmethane</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">, induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells through upregulation of NDRG1</span>" by Lerner A, Grafi-Cohen M, Napso T, Azzam N, Fares F.<span style="font-weight: bold;">(8)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">9. </span>Osteosarcoma </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">In the investigation of </span>the effect of the natural product <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">3,3'-diindolylmethane</span> (DIM) on cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+) ](i) ) and viability in MG63 human osteosarcoma cells, found that DIM-evoked Ca(2+) entry was suppressed by nifedipine, econazole, SK&F96365 and protein kinase C modulators. In the absence of extracellular Ca(2+) , incubation with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump inhibitors thapsigargin or 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone (BHQ) inhibited or abolished DIM-induced [Ca(2+) ](i) rise. Incubation with DIM also inhibited thapsigargin or BHQ-induced [Ca(2+) ](i) rise. Inhibition of phospholipase C with U73122 abolished DIM-induced [Ca(2+) ](i) rise. At concentrations of 10-50 μM, DIM killed cells in a concentration-dependent manner, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">3,3'-Diindolylmethane</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Alters Ca(2+) Homeostasis and Viability in MG63 Human Osteosarcoma Cells</span>" by Lu YC, Chen IS, Chou CT, Huang JK, Chang HT, Tsai JY, Hsu SS, Liao WC, Wang JL, Lin KL, Liu SI, Kuo CC, Ho CM, Jan CR.(9)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">10. Breast cancer</span><br />in the assessment of the effects of DIM on cell-cycle regulation in both estrogen-dependent MCF-7 and estrogen receptor negative p53 mutant MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer cells,<br />showed that DIM inhibited the breast cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, and caused cell-cycle arrest by down-regulating protein levels of cell-cycle related kinases CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6, as well as Cyclin B1 and Cdc25A. Meanwhile, it was revealed that Ser(124) phosphorylation of Cdc25A is primarily responsible for the DIM-induced Cdc25A degradation. Furthermore, treatment of MCF-7 cells with DIM increased miR-21 expression and down-regulated Cdc25A, resulting in an inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation, according to <span style="font-weight: bold;">" </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">3,3'-Diindolylmethane</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> inhibits breast cancer cell growth via miR-21-mediated Cdc25A degradation</span>' by Jin Y.<span style="font-weight: bold;">(10)<br /><br />11. Thyroid cancer<br />In the investigation of </span> the property of a natural dietary compound found in cruciferous vegetables, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">3,3'-diindolylmethane</span> (DIM), to target the metastatic phenotype of thyroid cancer cells through a functional estrogen receptor, found that DIM inhibits estrogen mediated increase in thyroid cell migration, adhesion and invasion, which is also supported by ER-α downregulation (siRNA) studies. Western blot and zymography analyses provided direct evidence for this DIM mediated inhibition of E(2) enhanced metastasis associated events by virtue of targeting essential proteolytic enzymes, namely MMP-2 and MMP-9, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Estrogen induced metastatic modulators MMP-2 and MMP-9 are targets of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">3,3'-diindolylmethane</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> in thyroid cancer</span>' by Rajoria S, Suriano R, George A, Shanmugam A, Schantz SP, Geliebter J, Tiwari RK.<span style="font-weight: bold;">(11)<br /><br />12. Etc.<br /><br style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20564344">(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20564344</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22363731">(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22363731</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22351660">(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22351660</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22293900">(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22293900</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21229607">(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21229607</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22290291">(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22290291</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22205686">(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22205686</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22187533">(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22187533</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21995587">(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21995587</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21761201">(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21761201</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21267453">(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21267453</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-2217029506375640842012-02-18T15:47:00.013-08:002012-03-14T18:49:21.385-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 10 Health Benefits of Indole-3-carbinol<span style="font-weight: bold;">Indole-3-carbinol</span> is a phytochemical in the class of Indoles, found abundantly in cabbage, kale, brussels sprouts, rutabaga, mustard greens, broccoli, etc.<br /><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Benefits</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Breast </span><span class="highlight" style=""><span style="font-weight: bold;">cancer</span><br />In the investigation of </span>treatment of highly tumorigenic MDA-MB-231 human breast <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">cancer</span> cells with <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">indole-3-carbinol</span> (I3C) directly inhibited the extracellular elastase-dependent cleavage of membrane-associated CD40, <span class="highlight" style="">showed that </span> I3C directly inhibits the elastase-mediated proteolytic processing of CD40, which alters downstream signaling to disrupt NF-kappaB-induced cell survival and proliferative responses. Furthermore, the establish of a new I3C-mediated antiproliferative cascade has significant therapeutic potential for treatment of human cancers associated with high levels of elastase and its CD40 membrane substrate, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Direct inhibition of elastase activity by </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">indole-3-carbinol</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> triggers a CD40-TRAF regulatory cascade that disrupts NF-kappaB transcriptional activity in human breast </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">cancer</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> cells</span>" by Aronchik I, Bjeldanes LF, Firestone GL.(1)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Lung cancer</span><br />In the examination of the inhibitory effects of N-acetyl-S-(N-2-phenethylthiocarbamoyl)-l-cysteine (PEITC-NAC), myo-inositol (MI) and <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">indole-3-carbinol</span> (I3C) or 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), alone and in combination, on 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) plus benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-induced A/J mouse lung tumorigenesis and proliferation of A549 cells and human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) and relevant potential mechanisms, found that the assessment of the anti-proliferative effects of the individual agents or their combinations showed significant reductions in the proliferation of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC)-pretreated HBEC (reduction by 30-41% at 48 h and 41-58% at 72 h) and A549 cells (30-43% at 48 h and 40-59% at 72 h), but not in dimethyl sulfoxide-pretreated HBEC. Combinatorial treatment with the agents also caused marked reductions in the activation of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB in lung tumor tissues, CSC-pretreated HBEC and A549 cells, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Inhibition of lung carcinogenesis and critical </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">cancer</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">-related signaling pathways by N-acetyl-S-(N-2-phenethylthiocarbamoyl)-l-cysteine, </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">indole-3-carbinol</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> and myo-inositol, alone and in combination</span>" by Kassie F, Melkamu T, Endalew A, Upadhyaya P, Luo X, Hecht SS.(2)<br /><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Pancreatic cell lines</span><br />In the examination of the possible mechanism of I3C-enhanced efficacy on pancreatic cell lines (BxPC-3, Mia Paca-2, PL-45, AsPC-1 and PANC-1) for modulation of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) expression, showed that Gemcitabine alone showed no effect on hENT1 expression. However, combining gemcitabine with I3C further increased hENT1 expression. Cell viability assays revealed no effect of I3C on normal cells, hTERT-HPNE. hENT1-specific inhibitor, nitrobenzylthioinosine, significantly abrogated I3C-induced gemcitabine cytotoxicity, further demonstrating its specificity, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Enhanced efficacy of gemcitabine by </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">indole-3-carbinol</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> in pancreatic cell lines: the role of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1</span>" by Wang H, Word BR, Lyn-Cook BD.(3)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Prostate </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">cancer</span><br />In the examination of the chemopreventive effects and the molecular mechanism of I3C, particularly the anti-oxidative stress pathway regulated by nuclear erythroid related factor 2 (Nrf2), found that treatments of transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate, TRAMP C1 cells with I3C also resulted in the induction of Nrf2-mediated genes. I3C significantly suppressed the incidence of palpable tumor and reduced the genitourinary weight in TRAMP mice. Western blots and qPCR analyses of prostate tissues showed that I3C induced the expression of Nrf2, NAD(P)H quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1) as well as cell cycle and apoptosis related biomarkers in I3C-fed TRAMP mice, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">In vivo pharmacodynamics of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">indole-3-carbinol</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> in the inhibition of prostate </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">cancer</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice: Involvement of Nrf2 and cell cycle/apoptosis signaling pathways</span>" by Wu TY, Saw CL, Khor TO, Pung D, Boyanapalli SS, Kong AN.(4)<br /><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia</span><br />In the evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of medical interventions for high grade Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), a pre-malignant condition of the vulval skin, associated with infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, indicated that four trials met our inclusion criteria: three assessed the effectiveness of topical imiquimod versus placebo in women with high grade VIN; one examined low versus high dose <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">indole-3-carbinol</span> in similar women. Meta-analysis of three trials found that the proportion of women who responded to treatment at 5 to 6 months was much higher in the group who received topical imiquimod than in the group who received placebo (relative risk (RR) = 11.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.21 to 44.51), according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Medical interventions for high grade vulval intraepithelial neoplasia</span>" by Pepas L, Kaushik S, Bryant A, Nordin A, Dickinson HO.(5)<br /><br />6. <span style="font-weight: bold;"> Estrogen Metabolism</span><br />In the investigation of determine whether a breast health supplement containing <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">indole-3-carbinol</span> and hydroxymatairesinol lignan would alter estrogen metabolism to favour C-2 hydroxylation and reduce C-16 hydroxylation, found that Supplementation with a mixture of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">indole-3-carbinol</span> and HMR lignan in women significantly increased estrogen C-2 hydroxylation. This may constitute a mechanism for the reduction of breast <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">cancer</span> risk as well as risk for other estrogen-related cancers. Further studies with higher numbers of subjects are indicated, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Effects of A Breast-Health Herbal Formula Supplement on Estrogen Metabolism in Pre- and Post-Menopausal Women not Taking Hormonal Contraceptives or Supplements: A Randomized Controlled Tria</span>l" by<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Laidlaw%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D"> </a>Laidlaw M, Cockerline CA, Sepkovic DW.(6)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">7. Oral cancer</span><br />In the investigation ofthe antitumor effects of OSU-A9, a structurally optimized I3C derivative, in a panel of oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, SCC4, SCC15, and SCC2095, showed that The antiproliferative effect of OSU-A9 was approximately two-orders-of-magnitude higher than that of I3C. Importantly, normal human oral keratinocytes were less sensitive to OSU-A9 than oral <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">cancer</span> cells. This antiproliferative effect of OSU-A9 was attributable to the induction of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis as evidenced by sub-G1 accumulation of cells, poly ADP-ribose polymerase cleavage, and cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. OSU-A9 down regulates Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways, leading to changes in many downstream effectors involved in regulating cell cycle and apoptosis, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">A novel </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">indole-3-carbinol</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> derivative inhibits the growth of human oral squamous cell carcinoma in vitro</span>" by Weng JR, Bai LY, Omar HA, Sargeant AM, Yeh CT, Chen YY, Tsai MH, Chiu CF.(7)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">8. Cancer prevention</span><br />In the review of botanical and nutritional compounds have been used for the treatment of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">cancer</span> throughout history, indicated that several lead compounds, such as genistein (from soybeans), lycopene (from tomatoes), brassinin (from cruciferous vegetables), sulforaphane (from asparagus), <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">indole-3-carbinol</span> (from broccoli), and resveratrol (from grapes and peanuts) are in preclinical or clinical trials for <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">cancer</span> chemoprevention. Phytochemicals have great potential in <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">cancer</span> prevention because of their safety, low cost, and oral bioavailability, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Cancer</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> prevention with natural compounds</span>" by Gullett NP, Ruhul Amin AR, Bayraktar S, Pezzuto JM, Shin DM, Khuri FR, Aggarwal BB, Surh YJ, Kucuk O.(8)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">9. Nasopharyngeal </span><span class="highlight" style=""><span style="font-weight: bold;">cancer</span><br />In the examination of the </span>apoptotic effects of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">indole-3-carbinol</span> (I3C) in many human <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">cancer</span> cells, found that Treatment with I3C significantly suppressed XIAP, c-IAP1 and Survivin protein, while elevated the expression of Omi, Smac and Cyto-c. Fas/FasL and MAPK pathway were involved in the induction of apoptosis. Taken together, these results demonstrated that I3C may induce mitochondria-mediated apoptosis via the Fas death receptor in CNE-2 cells. This molecular mechanism for apoptotic effect of I3C on nasopharyngeal <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">cancer</span> cells suggested that I3C might become a preventive and therapeutic agent against nasopharyngeal <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">cancer</span>, according to <span style="font-weight: bold;">"</span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Indole-3-carbinol</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> (I3C)-induced apoptosis in nasopharyngeal </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">cancer</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> cells through Fas/FasL and MAPK pathway</span>" by Xu Y, Zhang J, Dong WG.(9)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">10. Colon cancer</span><br />In an easy two-step synthesis for 4-methoxyindole-3-carbinol (4MeOI3C), the expected breakdown product of 4-methoxyglucobrassicin during ingestion. 4MeOI3C inhibited the proliferation of human colon <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">cancer</span> cells DLD-1 and HCT 116 with IC(50) values of 116 microM and 96 microM, respectively, found that after 48 h in vitro, and is therefore a more potent inhibitor than <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">indole-3-carbinol</span> (I3C). 4MeOI3C and I3C combined in different molar ratios inhibited proliferation in a nearly additive to slightly synergistic manner. Proliferation was inhibited by 100 microM 4MeOI3C after 48 h without affecting cell cycle phase distribution, indicating an overall-slowdown effect on the cell cycle, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Effect of 4-methoxyindole-3-carbinol on the proliferation of colon </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">cancer</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> cells in vitro, when treated alone or in combination with </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">indole-3-carbinol</span>" by Kronbak R, Duus F, Vang O.(10)<br /><br />11. Etc.<br /><h4> </h4><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20530686">(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20530686</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20603442">(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20603442</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21965724">(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21965724</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21837756">(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21837756</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21491403">(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21491403</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21234288">(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21234288</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20843730">(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20843730</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20709209">(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20709209</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20628834">(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20628834</a><br /><a href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf101806t">(10) http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf101806t</a><br /><h1> </h1>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-5044181115449149072012-02-18T15:47:00.011-08:002012-03-14T16:36:08.071-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 8 Health Benefits of Sulfides<span class="st"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sulfides </span></span>are phytochemicals in a class of chemical compounds containing <span class="mw-redirect">anion</span> of sulfur in its lowest oxidation state of 2s, belonging to the group of<span class="mw-headline" id="Organosulfides"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>Organosulfides found abundantly in </span>Beer, cocktail mixes, wine<span class="st">, </span>fresh potatoes<span class="st">, garlic oil, etc.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Benefits</span><br /><span class="st"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. </span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Colon cancer</span><br />In the investigation of diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DADS) and diallyl trisulfide (DATS) are presented in the Alliaceae family particularly in garlic and their effects on chemo-resistance of human cancer cells, a major obstacle in the treatment and management of malignant cancers, found that DADS and DATS induced Mdr1 and MRP1 gene expression (p<0.05). DADS promoted MRP3 gene expression (p<0.05) as well as DADS and DATS increased MRP4 and MRP6 gene expression (p<0.05) in the colo 205 xenograft mice. Based on our in vitro and in vivo results, diallyl <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">polysulfides</span> (DAS, DADS and DATS) affected the gene expression of the multidrug resistance in colo 205 human colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, according to '<span style="font-weight: bold;">Diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide affect drug resistant gene expression in colo 205 human colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo</span>" by Lai KC, Kuo CL, Ho HC, Yang JS, Ma CY, Lu HF, Huang HY, Chueh FS, Yu CC, Chung JG.(1)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Skin cancer</span><br />In the investigation of Diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DADS), and diallyl trisulfide (DATS), extracted from crushed garlic by steam-distillation and it anticancer activity in several cancer types, found that DATS revealed better growth inhibition of A375 and BCC cells than DADS and DAS did. Further demonstrated that DATS increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, induced cytosolic Ca(2+) mobilization, and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim). Western blot results showed the concordance for the expression of molecules involved in G(2)/M arrest and apoptosis observed by cell cycle and cell viability analysis, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Allyl </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">sulfides</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> inhibit cell growth of skin cancer cells through induction of DNA damage mediated G2/M arrest and apoptosis</span>" by<br /><div class="auths">Wang HC, Yang JH, Hsieh SC, Sheen LY.(2)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Lung adenocarcinoma</span><br />In the valuation of the anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic effectsfrom DAS (diallyl sulfide), DADS (diallyl disulfide), and DATS (diallyl trisulfide), major oil-soluble <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allyl</span> <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sulfides</span> (OAS) represent major garlic constituents, found that OASs DADS and DATS induce significant apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, whereas DAS does not. Differential modulation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) may account for the apoptotic effects of DADS and DAT, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Apoptosis induction in human lung adenocarcinoma cells by oil-soluble </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">allyl</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">sulfides</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">: triggers, pathways, and modulator</span>s" by Wu XJ, Hu Y, Lamy E, Mersch-Sundermann V.(3)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Cervical cancer</span><br />In the investigation of Diallyl sulfide (DAS), one of the main active constituents of garlic, for it inhibition of cancer cells in vitro and promotion of immune responses in vivo, found that DAS induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HeLa cells through caspase- and mitochondria and p53 pathways providing further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of DAS action in cervical cancer, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Diallyl sulfide induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HeLa human cervical cancer cells through the p53, caspase- and mitochondria-dependent pathways</span>" by<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Wu%20PP%22%5BAuthor%5D"> </a>Wu PP, Chung HW, Liu KC, Wu RS, Yang JS, Tang NY, Lo C, Hsia TC, Yu CC, Chueh FS, Lin SS, Chung JG.(4)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Thyroid cancer</span><br />In the investigation of whetherDAS could induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in ATC cells. In MTT assay, DAS treatment inhibited the proliferation of ARO cells in a dose-dependent manner, showed that DAS-induced apoptosis was associated with a decrease in the level of Bcl-2 expression and an increase in the level of Bax expression, and cytochrome c was remarkably released from mitochondrial into the cytosol by DAS. Furthermore, caspase-9 and caspase-3 were activated by DAS, and DAS cleaved PARP. Taken together, DAS decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis via mitochondrial signaling pathway in ATC cells, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Diallyl sulfide induces growth inhibition and apoptosis of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells by mitochondrial signaling pathway</span>" by Shin HA, Cha YY, Park MS, Kim JM, Lim YC.(5)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">6. Antioxidants and inhibits inflammation</span><br />in the elucidation of the role of a transcription factor, Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in inducing antioxidants and phase II enzymes during gentamicin toxicity in Wistar rats, showed that DAS enhances antioxidants and suppresses inflammatory cytokines through the activation of Nrf2, thereby protecting the cell against oxidative stress induced by gentamicin, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Diallyl sulfide</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> enhances antioxidants and inhibits inflammation through the activation of Nrf2 against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats.</span>' by Kalayarasan S, Prabhu PN, Sriram N, Manikandan R, Arumugam M, Sudhandiran G.(6)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">7. Joint inflammation</span><br />Investigation of the effects of diallyl sulfide (DAS), a garlic sulfur compound, on joint tissue inflammatory responses induced by monosodium urate (MSU) crystals and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), found that DAS prevents IL-1beta and MSU crystal induced COX-2 upregulation in synovial cells and chondrocytes and ameliorates crystal induced synovitis potentially through a mechanism involving NF-kappaB. Anti-inflammatory actions of DAS may be of value in treatment of joint inflammation, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 expression by </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">diallyl sulfide</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> on joint inflammation induced by urate crystal and IL-1beta</span>' by Lee HS, Lee CH, Tsai HC, Salter DM.(7)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">8. Neuroprotective effects</span><br />In the investigation of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Diallyl sulfide</span> (DAS), the main organosulfur component of garlic neuroprotective effects against ischemia/reperfusion injury, showed that for animals with induced ischemia/reperfusion, those pretreated with 200 mg/kg DAS showed an infarct volume (22.36 ± 0.67%) significantly lower than that of the non-treated ischemia/reperfusion group (38.23 ± 0.72%), and the percentage of terminal dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells (23.46 ± 1.02%) of the DAS-pretreated group was also significantly decreased compared to non-treated (36.41 ± 1.58%). Fluorescence immunohistochemistry staining and western blot analysis indicated that DAS reduced caspase-3 expression and increased Bcl-2 expression, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Neuroprotective effects of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">diallyl sulfide</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> against transient focal cerebral ischemia via anti-apoptosis in rats</span>" by Lin X, Yu S, Chen Y, Wu J, Zhao J, Zhao Y.(8)<br /><br />9. Etc.<br /><h4> </h4><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span><br /></div><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22397993">(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22397993</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20459099">(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20459099</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197990">(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19197990</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21424116">(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21424116</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20219414">(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20219414</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19374873">(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19374873</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18573668">(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18573668</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22196859">(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22196859</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-62383411484109458342012-02-18T15:46:00.015-08:002012-03-14T16:38:40.497-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 9 Health Benefits of PolysulfidesPolysulfides are phytochemicals in a class of chemical compounds containing chains of sulfur atoms, belonging to the group of<span class="mw-headline" id="Organosulfides"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>Organosulfides found abundantly in </span>i<span class="st">oxidized product, including </span><span class="st">beer, wine, whiskey, garlic oil, etc.<br /><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Benefits</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. </span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Colon cancer</span><br />In the searching new drugs with anticancer activities, by combining coumarins with <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">polysulfides</span> in the form of di-coumarin <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">polysulfides</span>, found that the novel coumarin compounds regulated the phosphatase activity of the cell cycle regulating cdc25 family members, indicating that these phosphatases are implicated in the induction of cell cycle arrest and possibly in apoptosis induction as well. In addition, coumarin <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">polysulfides</span> also down-regulated the level of cdc25C, which also contributed to the arrest in the G(2)-phase of the cell cycle, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Coumarin </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">polysulfides</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in HCT116 colon cancer cells</span>" by Saidu NE, Valente S, Bana E, Kirsch G, Bagrel D, Montenarh M.(1)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Anti cancers</span><br />In the determination of the influence of highly pure diallylsulfides with a chain of 1-4 sulphur atoms agents on cell viability, cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in HCT116 human colon cancer cells, found that the induction of apoptosis was indeed dependent on the redox-state of the cell, with anti-oxidants being able to prevent sulfide-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, using HCT116 cells which were either positive or negative for p53 revealed that p53 is clearly dispensable for induction of apoptosis. Growth arrest and induction of apoptosis is associated with a considerable reduction of the level of cdc25C, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Diallylpolysulfides induce growth arrest and apoptosis</span>" by Busch C, Jacob C, Anwar A, Burkholz T, Aicha Ba L, Cerella C, Diederich M, Brandt W, Wessjohann L, Montenarh M.(2)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Harmful and beneficial effects of organic monosulfides, disulfides, and </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">polysulfides</span><br />In the investigation of the harmful and Beneficial effects of many organic sulfides (mono-, di-, and <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">polysulfides</span>) presented in our environment, showed that Some sulfides are toxic, and there is evidence that such toxicity is caused by the ability of these substances to generate reactive oxygen species. Some sulfides, however, have been shown to protect against toxicants and carcinogens. These beneficial effects are believed to involve, at least in part, the ability of sulfides to inhibit the enzymatic activation of pro-toxicants and to increase tissue activities of enzymes that protect against electrophiles. Some sulfides also have potential as cancer chemotherapeutics, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Harmful and beneficial effects of organic monosulfides, disulfides, and </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">polysulfides</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> in animals and humans</span>" by Munday R.(3)<br /><br />4. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Antiproliferative effect </span><br />In the determination of in vitro and in vivo studies reported that organosulfur compounds (OSCs), naturally found in Allium vegetables, are able to suppress the proliferation of various tumor cells, showed that Diallyl- and dipropyltetrasulfides have emerged as interesting irreversible inhibitors of the Cdc25 isoforms A and C in vitro. Furthermore, growth of both sensitive (MCF-7) and resistant (Vcr-R) human breast carcinoma cells was significantly decreased by these tetrasulfides. The observed antiproliferative effect appeared to be associated with a G2-M cell cycle arrest, according to '<span style="font-weight: bold;">Antiproliferative effect of natural tetrasulfides in human breast cancer cells is mediated through the inhibition of the cell division cycle 25 phosphatases</span>" by Viry E, Anwar A, Kirsch G, Jacob C, Diederich M, Bagrel D.(4)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Cardiovascular diseases</span><br />found that stimulation of nitric oxide generation in endothelial cells seems to be the critical preventive mechanism. Garlic may promote an anti-inflammatory environment by cytokine modulation in human blood. Cardioprotective effects of dietary garlic are mediated in large part via the generation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Garlic-derived organic<span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">polysulfides</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span> are converted by erythrocytes into hydrogen sulfide which relaxes vascular smooth muscle, induces vasodilation of blood vessels, and significantly reduces blood pressure, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and cardiovascular disease</span>s" by Ginter E, Simko V.(5)<br /><br />6. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Liver cancer</span><br />In the investigation of the effect of allyl <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sulfides</span> from garlic: monosulfide, disulfide and trisulfide on cell proliferation and viability, caspase 3 activity and hydrogen peroxide (H(2) O(2) ) production in HepG2 cells, showed that Among the compounds under study, diallyl trisulfide (DATS), a sulfane sulfur-containing compound, showed the highest biological activity in HepG2 cells. This compound increased the H(2) O(2) formation, lowered the thiol level and produced the strongest inhibition of cell proliferation and the greatest induction of caspase 3 activity in HepG2 cells, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">The effects of garlic-derived sulfur compounds on cell proliferation, caspase 3 activity, thiol levels and anaerobic sulfur metabolism in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells</span>" by<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Iciek%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D"> </a>Iciek M, Kwiecień I, Chwatko G, Sokołowska-Jeżewicz M, Kowalczyk-Pachel D, Rokita H.(6)<br /><br />7.<span style="font-weight: bold;"> Antibacterial effects </span><br />Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy used in a study of the cell injury and inactivation of Campylobacter jejuni from exposure to antioxidants from garlic,<br />confirmed that organosulfur compounds are responsible for the substantial antimicrobial activity of garlic, much greater than those of garlic phenolic compounds, as indicated by changes in the spectral features of proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides in the bacterial cell membranes, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Investigating antibacterial effects of garlic (Allium sativum) concentrate and garlic-derived organosulfur compounds on Campylobacter jejuni by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electron microscopy</span>" by Lu X, Rasco BA, Jabal JM, Aston DE, Lin M, Konkel ME.(7)<br /><br />8<span style="font-weight: bold;">. Gastric cancer</span><br />In the determination of Allylmercapto glutathione S-conjugate, S-allylmercapto-L-cysteine (SAMC), biotransformed from <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">allyl</span> <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sulfides</span> and from naturally occurring water-soluble garlic derivatives, for its inhibition of tumorigenesis, found that SAMC inhibited tumor growth rate by 31.36% and 37.78% at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg, respectively. Apoptosis in the implanted tumor cells was manifested by apoptotic characteristics, including morphological changes of chromatin crescent, cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing. The apoptosis index of 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg of SAMC was 20.74 ± 2.50% and 30.61 ± 2.42%, respectively, by terminal deoxy-nucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Anticancer activity of S-allylmercapto-L-cysteine on </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">implanted tumor of human gastric cancer cell</span>" by Lee Y, Kim H, Lee J, Kim K.(8)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">9. Anti fungal activities</span><br />In the evaluation of the effect of diallyldisulphide (DADS), an important organosulphur compound found in garlic (Allium sativum), on antioxidant systems in Candida species, showed that a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase activities but an increase in catalase activity were observed. Increased levels of lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of glutathione were observed in treated cells. Activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase decreased significantly following DADS treatment and could be correlated with a decrease in glutathione concentration in both Candida species, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Effect of diallyldisulphide on an antioxidant enzyme system in Candida species</span>" by Yousuf S, Ahmad A, Khan A, Manzoor N, Khan LA.(10)<br /><br /><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22264758">(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22264758</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20126995">(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20126995</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22004350">(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22004350</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21253673">(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21253673</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21033626">(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21033626</a><br />(6) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095390">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095390</a><br />(7) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642409"> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642409</a><br />(8)<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21532156"> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21532156</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20962904">(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20962904</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-81992015142472869492012-02-18T15:46:00.013-08:002012-03-14T15:32:13.295-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 11 Health Benefits of Sulphoraphane<span style="font-weight: bold;">Sulphoraphane</span> are phytochemicals in the class of <span class="new">Dithiolthiones</span>, belonging to group of Organosulfides, found abundantly in broccoli, Brussels sprouts or cabbages<span class="st">,</span> etc.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Benefits</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Prostate cancer</span><br />In the investigation of the effects of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Sulforaphane</span> (SFN) on DNA methylation status of cyclin D2 promoter, and how alteration in promoter methylation impacts cyclin D2 gene expression in LnCap cells, found that SFN significantly decreased the expression of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), especially DNMT1 and DNMT3b. Furthermore, SFN significantly decreased methylation in cyclin D2 promoter regions containing c-Myc and multiple Sp1 binding sites. Reduced methlyation of cyclin D2 promoter corresponded to an increase in cyclin D2 transcript levels, suggesting that SFN may de-repress methylation-silenced cyclin D2 by impacting epigenetic pathways, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Promoter de-methylation of cyclin D2 by </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">sulforaphane</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> in </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">prostate</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> cancer cells</span>" by Hsu A, Wong CP, Yu Z, Williams DE, Dashwood RH, Ho E.(1)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Breast cancer </span><br />In the evaluation of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sulforaphane</span>, a natural compound derived from broccoli/broccoli sprouts, for its efficacy to inhibit breast CSCs and its potential mechanism, found that <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Sulforaphane</span> inhibits breast CSCs and downregulates the Wnt/beta-catenin self-renewal pathway. These findings support the use of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sulforaphane</span> for the chemoprevention of breast cancer stem cells and warrant further clinical evaluation, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Sulforaphane</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">, a dietary component of broccoli/broccoli sprouts, inhibits breast cancer stem cells</span>" by Li Y, Zhang T, Korkaya H, Liu S, Lee HF, Newman B, Yu Y, Clouthier SG, Schwartz SJ, Wicha MS, Sun D.(2)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Aging and aging related diseases</span><br />In the elucidating the modulatory role of nutrition in aging and age-related disease development, indicated that nutrients can act as the source of epigenetic modifications and can regulate the placement of these modifications. Nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism, namely folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, riboflavin, methionine, choline and betaine, are involved in DNA methylation by regulating levels of the universal methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine and methyltransferase inhibitor S-adenosylhomocysteine. Other nutrients and bioactive food components such as retinoic acid, resveratrol, curcumin, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sulforaphane</span> and tea polyphenols can modulate epigenetic patterns by altering the levels of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine or directing the enzymes that catalyse DNA methylation and histone modifications, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Nutritional influences on epigenetics and age-related disease</span>" by Park LK, Friso S, Choi SW.(3)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Human </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">brain</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs)</span><br />In the delineation of a unique <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">brain</span> endothelial phenotype in that MMP-9 secretion is increased upon phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment of HBMEC, indicated that <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Sulforaphane</span> (SFN), an isothiocyanate present in broccoli which exhibits chemopreventive properties, selectively inhibited the secretion of MMP-9 but not that of MMP-2. The decrease in MMP-9 gene expression correlated with a decrease in the expression of the mRNA stabilizing factor HuR protein triggered by SFN. PMA-induced HBMEC migration was also antagonized by SFN. Silencing of the MMP-9 gene inhibited PMA-induced MMP-9 secretion, cell migration, and in vitro tubulogenesis on Matrigel. While SFN inhibited the chemoattractive abilities of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">brain</span> tumor-derived growth factors, it failed to inhibit PMA-induced tubulogenesis, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">The diet-derived </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">sulforaphane</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-9-activated human </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">brain</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> microvascular endothelial cell migration and tubulogenesis</span>" by Annabi B, Rojas-Sutterlin S, Laroche M, Lachambre MP, Moumdjian R, Béliveau R.(4)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Oxidative stress</span><br />In the investigation of anti oxidative stress of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Sulforaphane</span> [1-isothiocyanate-(4R)-(methylsulfinyl)butane] is a natural dietary isothiocyanate produced by the enzymatic action of the myrosinase on glucopharanin, a 4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate contained in cruciferous vegetables of the genus Brassica such as broccoli, brussel sprouts, and cabbage, found that <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Sulforaphane</span> is considered an indirect antioxidant; this compound is able to induce many cytoprotective proteins, including antioxidant enzymes, through the Nrf2-antioxidant response element pathway. Heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase, glutathione-S-transferase, gamma-glutamyl cysteine ligase, and glutathione reductase are among the cytoprotective proteins induced by <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sulforaphane</span>. In conclusion, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sulforaphane</span> is a promising antioxidant agent that is effective to attenuate oxidative stress and tissue/cell damage in different in vivo and in vitro experimental paradigms, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Protective effect of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">sulforaphane</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> against oxidative stress: Recent advances</span>" by Guerrero-Beltrán CE, Calderón-Oliver M, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Chirino YI.(5)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">6. Anti nephrotoxicity</span><br />In the evaluation of whether SFN induces a cytoprotective effect on the CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity, found that The renoprotective effect of SFN on CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity was associated with the attenuation in oxidative/nitrosative stress and the preservation of antioxidant enzymes, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Sulforaphane</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> protects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity</span>" by Guerrero-Beltrán CE, Calderón-Oliver M, Tapia E, Medina-Campos ON, Sánchez-González DJ, Martínez-Martínez CM, Ortiz-Vega KM, Franco M, Pedraza-Chaverri J.(6)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">7. Liver protection</span><br />In the investigation of the effect of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sulforaphane</span> (SFN) on regulation of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway in <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">liver</span> injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), showed that SFN pretreatment attenuates <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">liver</span> injury induced by intestinal I/R in rats, attributable to the antioxidant effect through Nrf2-ARE pathway, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Sulforaphane</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> protects </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">liver</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> injury induced by intestinal ischemia reperfusion through Nrf2-ARE pathway"</span> by Zhao HD, Zhang F, Shen G, Li YB, Li YH, Jing HR, Ma LF, Yao JH, Tian XF.(7)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">8. Antibacterial Effects </span><br />In the evaluation of the effects of various glucosinolate-derived hydrolysis products (HP) as antibacterial compounds against Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae isolated from intestinal segments of healthy pigs collected directly from slaughter-houses in the North of Portugal, found that the glucosinolates-derived HPs were very effective in vitro inhibitors of bacterial growth. The natural products, and specifically the isothiocyanates, should be evaluated as potential alternative control agents for potentially pathogenic bacteria (e.g., dietary amendment of pig foods with glucosinolate-containing plants), according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Antibacterial Effects of Glucosinolate-Derived Hydrolysis Products Against Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococci Isolated from Pig Ileum Segments</span>" by Saavedra MJ, Dias CS, Martinez-Murcia A, Bennett RN, Aires A, Rosa EA.(8)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">9. Anti-inflammatory Effects</span><br />In the investigation of the anti-inflammatory effects of two dietary compounds, nobiletin (NBN) and <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sulforaphane</span> (SFN), in combination. Noncytotoxic concentrations of NBN, SFN, and their combinations were studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, indicated that low doses of NBN and SFN in combination significantly suppressed LPS-induced upregulation of IL-1 mRNA levels and synergistically increased HO-1 mRNA levels. Overall, our results demonstrated that NBN and SFN in combination produced synergistic effects in inhibiting LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Synergistic Anti-inflammatory Effects of Nobiletin and </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Sulforaphane</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells</span>" by Guo S, Qiu P, Xu G, Wu X, Dong P, Yang G, Zheng J, McClements DJ, Xiao H.(9)<br /><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">10. Hypertension</span><br />In the determination of whether the metabolite of glucoraphanin, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">sulforaphane</span>, was responsible for this improved blood pressure and whether this is associated with normalization of renal methylated DNA, showed that <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Sulforaphane</span> administration rectified pathological abnormalities in SHRSP kidneys and significantly improved blood pressure. This was associated with normalization of global kidney DNA methylation suggesting that DNA methylation could be associated with hypertension, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">The dietary phase 2 protein inducer </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">sulforaphane</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> can normalize the kidney epigenome and improve blood pressure in hypertensive rats</span>" by Senanayake GV, Banigesh A, Wu L, Lee P, Juurlink BH.(10)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">11. Diabetic symptoms</span><br />In the determination of whether dietary compounds targeting NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation used to attenuate renal damage and preserve renal function during the course of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy, showed that SF or CA significantly attenuated common metabolic disorder symptoms associated with diabetes in Nrf2(+/+) but not in Nrf2(-/-) mice, indicating SF and CA function through specific activation of the Nrf2 pathway. Furthermore, SF or CA improved renal performance and minimized pathological alterations in the glomerulus of STZ-Nrf2(+/+) mice. Nrf2 activation reduced oxidative damage and suppressed the expression of TGF-β1, extracellular matrix proteins and p21 both in vivo and in HRMCs. In addition, Nrf2 activation reverted p21-mediated growth inhibition and hypertrophy of HRMCs under hyperglycemic conditions, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Therapeutic potential of Nrf2 activators in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy"</span> by Zheng H, Whitman SA, Wu W, Wondrak GT, Wong PK, Fang D, Zhang DD.(11)<br /><br />12. Etc.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22303414">(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22303414</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20388854">(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20388854</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22051144">(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22051144</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18435488">(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18435488</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21129940">(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21129940</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913604">(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913604</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20572303">(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20572303</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22356572">(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22356572</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22335189">(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22335189</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22052072">(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22052072</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22025779">(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22025779</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-3453282009597138712012-02-18T15:46:00.007-08:002012-03-13T16:58:06.966-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 13 Health Benefits of Dithiolthiones (isothiocyanatesDithiolthiones are phytochemicals in the class of Organosulfides, found abundantly in <span class="st">cruciferous vegetables, garden sorrel, horseradish,</span> etc.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Benefits</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Anti acetaminophen hepatotoxicity</span><br />In the investigation of Anethol <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">dithiolthione</span> (ADT), usually prescribed as a choleretic drug, given orally 1 hour prior to acetaminophen (AAP) (450 mg/kg intraperitoneally) in Swiss female mice, found that ADT exhibited an hepatoprotective potency at doses as low as 10 mg/kg relative to serum aminotransferase activities and hepatic glutathione related enzyme system (glutathione reductase, peroxidase, transferase), according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Protective effect of anethol </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">dithiolthione</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in mice</span>" by Warnet JM, Christen MO, Thevenin M, Biard D, Jacqueson A, Claude JR.(1)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Chemopreventive efficacy</span><br />in the observation of two exposure regimens used to compare the efficacies of early (Regimen-A) versus late (Regimen-B) intervention in prevention of lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice, indicated that Evaluation of lung tumor multiplicity following exposure to oltipraz showed that oltipraz inhibited the tumor development in a dose-dependent manner (10-100 mg/m(3)) with inhibition ranging from 37 to 53% in Regimen A and 51% in Regimen B, when compared with the B[a]P group. Analysis of the tumor incidence showed that 81.5% of the animals had 10 or more tumors in the B[a]P group, whereas, in oltipraz exposure groups, there was a significant decrease in Regimen A (24-36%) and in Regimen B (42%), according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">The chemopreventive efficacy of inhaled oltipraz particulates in the B[a]P-induced A/J mouse lung adenoma model</span>" by Sharma S, Gao P, Steele VE.(2)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Detoxication of xenobiotics</span><br />In the testing The dithiolthiones, oltipraz, ADT, 116L and 129L, in mice and in rats, oltipraz. Intragastric administration of dithiolthiones (oltipraz, ADT or 116L; two doses each of 1 g/kg body weight) found that Dithiolthiones present in cabbage may play a role in the protective actions of diets high in vegetables against the toxic actions of xenobiotics, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Biochemical effects of dithiolthiones</span>' by Ansher SS, Dolan P, Bueding E.(3)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Antioxidants</span><br />In the examination of the role of glutathione (GSH) in the regulation of this adhesion phenomenon and in the increased tyrosine phosphorylation induced by ROS, found that ADT reduced both PMN adhesion to ROS-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and tyrosine phosphorylation of p125FAK and paxillin. ADT increased redox status by increasing intracellular GSH content in oxidized cells. These results show that GSH can reverse the effect of oxidation on tyrosine kinase activation and phosphorylation, and thus plays an important role in cell signaling. They also confirm the antioxidant activity of ADT, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Anethole dithiolethione regulates oxidant-induced tyrosine kinase activation in endothelial cells</span>" by Ben-Mahdi MH, Gozin A, Driss F, Andrieu V, Christen MO, Pasquier C.(4)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Aflatoxin B1 contamination</span><br />In the study of the influence of oltipraz and a second <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">dithiolthione</span>, (1,2) dithiolo (4,3-c)-1,2-dithiole-3,6 dithione (DDD) on bovine hepatic aflatoxin B1 biotransformation, found that Oltipraz inhibited aflatoxin B1 metabolism as no aflatoxin M1 and no aflatoxin B1-dihydrodiol, the second metabolite found in bovine hepatocytes, was formed. DDD did not significantly inhibit aflatoxin B1 metabolism. It could be demonstrated that the inhibition of aflatoxin B1 metabolism was due to the inhibition of several cytochrome P450 enzyme activities by oltipraz. In contrast, DDD inhibited only ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation activity, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Inhibition of aflatoxin M1 production by bovine hepatocytes after intervention with oltipraz</span>" by Kuilman ME, Maas RF, Woutersen-van Nijnanten FM, Fink-Gremmels J.(5)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">6. Cancer prevention</span><br />In the investigation of The critical role of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) and their importance in cancer prevention and susceptibility, clinical studies revealed that the GST activity of blood lymphocytes from individuals with either a personal or family history of colorectal cancer or a personal history of colon polyps was decreased significantly when compared to that of healthy controls. Phase 1 clinical evaluation of oltipraz has demonstrated its ability to induce GST activity as well as the level of transcripts encoding gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) and DT-diaphorase in the colon mucosa of individuals at increased risk for colorectal cancer. The observed correlation between the posttreatment response in blood lymphocytes and colon mucosa suggested that blood lymphocytes may be used in future trials as a surrogate biomarker of the responsiveness of colon tissue to chemopreventive regimens, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Glutathione S-transferases--biomarkers of cancer risk and chemopreventive response</span>" by Clapper ML, Szarka CE.(6)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">7. Anti nephrotoxicity </span><br />in the determination of s the effects of ADT on hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD)-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat and the mechanism of its action, found that ADT protects rats against HCBD-induced nephrotoxicity by a mechanism that does not involve the modulation of HCBD conjugation with liver GSH, nor the modulation of the kidney NPSH level and beta-lyase activity. The mechanism of protection conferred to rats by an ADT pretreatment against HCBD-induced nephrotoxicity appears to take place in the kidney at a step beyond the generation of ultimate toxic metabolites derived from PCBC, according to '<span style="font-weight: bold;">Assessment of the role of glutathione conjugation in the protection afforded by anethol </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">dithiolthione</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> against hexachloro-1,3-butadiene-induced nephrotoxicity</span>" by<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Bouthillier%20L%22%5BAuthor%5D"> </a>Bouthillier L, Charbonneau M, Brodeur J.(7)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">8. Inhibition of platelet aggregation</span><br />in the investigation of Anethole <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">dithiolthione</span> (ADT) (10 mumol/l) inhibition of platelet aggregation and the formation of thromboxane (Tx)B2 in plasma in response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine and arachidonic acid (AA), indicated that ADT had no additive effect on the inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation by acetylsalicylic acid. ADT was a more effective inhibitor of AA-induced platelet aggregation than butylated hydroxytoluene. ADT inhibited the release of 3H-AA from platelet phospholipids in response to ADP and collagen. It is suggested that ADT inhibits platelet aggregation by inhibiting thromboxane synthesis and preventing AA release, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Effect of anethole </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">dithiolthione</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> on human platelet aggregation</span>" by Selley ML, McGuiness JA, Bartlett MR, Ardlie NG.(8)<br /><br />9. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Early colon carcinogenesis </span><br />in the study of the effect of dietary oltipraz on liver and colonic mucosal enzymes and DNA adducts in evaluating the modulating role of this agent during the early period of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced carcinogenesis, showed that dietary oltipraz enhances the colonic and liver glutathione S-transferase activity and reduced the formation of DNA adducts. In addition, dietary oltipraz modulates liver and colonic ODC and TPK activities that have been shown to play a role in tumor promotion, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Effect of oltipraz [5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiol-3-thione] on azoxymethane-induced biochemical changes related to early colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats</span>" by Rao CV, Nayini J, Reddy BS.(9)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">10. Lipid peroxidation</span><br />in the observation of the drug anisyldithiolthione (ADT) acted as a good inhibitor of lipid peroxidation induced in rat liver microsomes either chemically by FeSO4 and reducing agents (cysteine or ascorbate) or enzymatically by NADPH and CC14, showed that at doses as low as 5 mg per kg it completely suppressed ethane exhalation by acetaminophen-intoxicated mice and also protected them very efficiently against mortality caused by acetaminophen overdose. The inhibitory effect of ADT toward lipid peroxidation seems to be linked to the presence of its <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">dithiolthione</span> function, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">A new potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation in vitro and in vivo, the hepatoprotective drug anisyldithiolthione</span>" by Mansuy D, Sassi A, Dansette PM, Plat M.(10)<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2780509">(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2780509</a><br /><a href="http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/8/1721.abstract">(2) http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/8/1721.abstract</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3744194">(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3744194</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11213483">(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11213483</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10682385">(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10682385</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9679568">(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9679568</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8685901">(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8685901</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1497692">(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1497692</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020672">(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2020672</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3964266">(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3964266</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-5455198260397887732012-02-18T15:43:00.013-08:002012-03-13T15:45:42.872-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 13 Health Benefits of Betaxanthins<strong>Betaxanthins</strong> are Phytochemicals in the class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments , belonging to the group of Betalains, found abundantly in beets, sicilian prickly pear, etc.<br /><br /><strong>Health Benefits</strong><br /><strong>1. Fatty Liver diseases</strong><br />In the investigation of the protective effects of bioactive agents of the liophylised table beet and carrot powder on fatty liver in a "short term" experiment, found that the higher dose of the natural product better decreased the induced free radical reactions, cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA-levels both in normal and fatty liver tissues. Although treatments failed to exert significant changes in all global antioxidant parameters, mobilized methyl group concentrations were higher after treatments in fatty liver. Favorable tendencies were also noted in the redox-homeostasis of the fatty liver after treatment, according to <strong>"[Experimental food-induced fatty liver and its adjuvant therapy with natural bioactive substances].[Article in Hungarian]"</strong> by Hegedüs V, Gerö D, Mihály Z, Szijártó A, Zelles T, Sárdi E.(1)<br /><br /><strong>2. Free Radical-Scavenging Activities</strong><br />In the determination of betalamic acid, the chromophore of betaxanthins, was enzymatically synthesized on a large scale from l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) using recombinant Mirabilis jalapa DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase for its Radical-Scavenging Activities, suggested that GABA-betaxanthin showed comparatively low activity, whereas dopamine-betaxanthin had similar activity to the red pigment betanin and the anthocyanin cyanidin 3-glucoside. Proline-betaxanthin had the highest activity of the three synthesized compounds and was similar to the flavonoid quercetin, according to "<strong>In Vitro Synthesis of Betaxanthins Using Recombinant DOPA 4,5-Dioxygenase and Evaluation of Their Radical-Scavenging Activities</strong>" by Sekiguchi H, Ozeki Y, Sasaki N.(2)<br /><br /><strong>3. Antispasmodic effects</strong><br />In the investigation, the effects of a hydrophilic extract from Opuntia ficus indica fruit pulp (cactus fruit extract, CFE) on the motility of mouse ileum, using an organ bath technique, and researched the extract component(s) responsible for the observed responses, showed that CFE is able to exert direct antispasmodic effects on the intestinal motility. The CFE inhibitory effects do not involve potassium channels or voltage-dependent calcium channels but rather pathways of calcium intracellular release. The fruit pigment indicaxanthin appears to be the main component responsible for the CFE-induced effects, acording to "<strong>Inhibition of the mechanical activity of mouse ileum by cactus pear (Opuntia Ficus Indica, L, Mill.) fruit extract and its pigment indicaxanthin"</strong> by Baldassano S, Tesoriere L, Rotondo A, Serio R, Livrea MA, Mulè F.(3)<br /><br /><strong>4. Intestinal contractility</strong><br />In the investigation of pasmolytic effects on the intestinal contractility in vitro isndicaxanthin, the yellow betalain pigment abundant in the fruit of Opuntia ficus indica, for the mechanism of action underlying the observed response, found that Indicaxanthin and IBMX significantly reduced the carbachol-evoked contractions and the joint application of both drugs did not produce any additive effect. Indicaxanthin and IBMX increased the inhibitory effects of forskolin, an adenylyl cyclase activator, and the joint application of both drugs did not produce any additive effect. Indicaxanthin, contrarily to IBMX, did not affect the inhibitory action of sodium nitroprusside, a soluble guanylyl cyclase activator. Indicaxanthin increased both basal and forskolin-induced cAMP content of mouse ileal muscle. The present data show that indicaxanthin reduces the contractility of ileal longitudinal muscle by inhibition of PDEs and increase of cAMP concentration and raise the possibility of using indicaxanthin in the treatment of motility disorders, such as abdominal cramps, according to "<strong>Inhibitory effects of indicaxanthin on mouse ileal contractility: analysis of the mechanism of action</strong>" by Baldassano S, Rotondo A, Serio R, Livrea MA, Tesoriere L, Mulè F.(4)<br /><br /><strong>5. Anti cancers</strong><br />In the investigation of juices of nine prickly pears (Opuntia spp.) were characterized in terms of color, acidity, sugar content, phenolics, flavonoids, betalains and antioxidant activity and tested in vitro against four cancer cell lines, found that among the cancer lines tested, viability of prostate and colon cells were the most affected. Moradillo contained the highest flavonoids and diminished both prostate and colon cancer cell viability without affecting mammary or hepatic cancer cells. Rastrero reduced the growth of the four cancer cell lines without affecting normal fibroblast viability. The research shows intervarietal differences among prickly pears in terms of juice properties and phytochemicals that could prevent oxidative stress and cancer, according to <strong>'Phenolic composition, antioxidant capacity and in vitro cancer cell cytotoxicity of nine prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) juices</strong>" by Chavez-Santoscoy RA, Gutierrez-Uribe JA, Serna-Saldívar SO.(5)<br /><br /><strong>6. Myeloperoxidase and hypochlorous acid</strong><br />In the evaluation of Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), the most powerful oxidant produced by human neutrophils and contribution to the damage caused by these inflammatory cells, produced from H2O2 and chloride by the heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), found that at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C. Formation of ferric (native) MPO from compound II occurs with a second-order rate constant of (1.1+/-0.1) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) (betanin) and (2.9+/-0.1) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) (indicaxanthin), respectively. In addition, both betalains can effectively scavenge hypochlorous acid with determined rates of (1.8+/-0.2) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) (betanin) and (7.7+/-0.1) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) (indicaxanthin) at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C., according to "<strong>Mechanism of interaction of betanin and indicaxanthin with human myeloperoxidase and hypochlorous acid</strong>" by Allegra M, Furtmüller PG, Jantschko W, Zederbauer M, Tesoriere L, Livrea MA, Obinger C.(6)<br /><br />Sources<br />(1) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21652297">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21652297</a><br />(2) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21058725">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21058725</a><br />(3) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20518499">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20518499</a><br />(4) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21371457">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21371457</a><br />(5) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19468836">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19468836</a><br />(6) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15913556">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15913556</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-39632985473296824812012-02-18T15:43:00.008-08:002012-03-13T10:12:48.601-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 2 Health Benefits of isobetaninis Phytochemicals in the class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments of Betacyanins, belonging to the group of Betalains, found abundantly in beets, chard, etc.<br /><br /><strong>Health Beenfits</strong><br /><strong>1. Antioxidant effects</strong><br />In the investogation of the betacyanin pattern of Djulis (Chenopodium fromosanum), a native cereal plant in Taiwan and determination of characteristics of the pigment, including pH and thermal stability for their relation to antioxidant activities, found that among them, betanin and <strong>isobetanin</strong> totally accounted for more than 70% of FRAP reducing power or DPPH scavenging capacity and were a major source of the antioxidant capacities. Our findings of this pigment confirmed that Djulis can be used as a novel source of betanin antioxidants and may provide a basis for its sustainable utilization in the food industry, according to <strong>'Thermal and pH stability of betacyanin pigment of Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) in Taiwan and their relation to antioxidant activity</strong>" by Tsai PJ, Sheu CH, Wu PH, Sun YF.(1)<br /><br /><strong>2. Myeloperoxidase and hypochlorous acid</strong><br />In the evaluation of Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), the most powerful oxidant produced by human neutrophils and contribution to the damage caused by these inflammatory cells, produced from H2O2 and chloride by the heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), found that at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C. Formation of ferric (native) MPO from compound II occurs with a second-order rate constant of (1.1+/-0.1) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) (betanin) and (2.9+/-0.1) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) (indicaxanthin), respectively. In addition, both betalains can effectively scavenge hypochlorous acid with determined rates of (1.8+/-0.2) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) (betanin) and (7.7+/-0.1) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) (indicaxanthin) at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C., according to "<strong>Mechanism of interaction of betanin and indicaxanthin with human myeloperoxidase and hypochlorous acid</strong>" by Allegra M, Furtmüller PG, Jantschko W, Zederbauer M, Tesoriere L, Livrea MA, Obinger C.(2)<br /><br />3. Etc.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Sources</strong><br />(1) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030318">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20030318</a><br />(2) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15913556">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15913556</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-11146462248379755032012-02-18T15:43:00.007-08:002012-03-13T10:02:04.287-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 6 Health Benefits of Indicaxanthin<strong>Indicaxanthin</strong> is Phytochemicals in the class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments of Betacyanins, belonging to the group of Betalains, found abundantly in beets, chard, etc.<br /><br /><strong>Health Benefits</strong><br /><strong>1. Motility disorders</strong><br />In the study of study of the mechanism of action underlying the observed response of spasmolytic effects on the intestinal contractility, found that indicaxanthin reduces the contractility of ileal longitudinal muscle by inhibition of PDEs and increase of cAMP concentration and raise the possibility of using indicaxanthin in the treatment of motility disorders, such as abdominal cramps, according to "<strong>Inhibitory effects of indicaxanthin on mouse ileal contractility: analysis of the mechanism of action</strong>" by Baldassano S, Rotondo A, Serio R, Livrea MA, Tesoriere L, Mulè F.(1)<br /><br /><strong>2. Myeloperoxidase and hypochlorous acid</strong><br />In the evaluation of Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), the most powerful oxidant produced by human neutrophils and contribution to the damage caused by these inflammatory cells, produced from H2O2 and chloride by the heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), found that at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C. Formation of ferric (native) MPO from compound II occurs with a second-order rate constant of (1.1+/-0.1) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) (betanin) and (2.9+/-0.1) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) (indicaxanthin), respectively. In addition, both betalains can effectively scavenge hypochlorous acid with determined rates of (1.8+/-0.2) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) (betanin) and (7.7+/-0.1) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) (indicaxanthin) at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C., according to "Mechanism of interaction of betanin and indicaxanthin with human myeloperoxidase and hypochlorous acid" by Allegra M, Furtmüller PG, Jantschko W, Zederbauer M, Tesoriere L, Livrea MA, Obinger C.(2)<br /><br /><strong>3. Lipoperoxyl radical-scavenging activity</strong><br />In the investigation of the reaction of the phytochemical indicaxanthin with lipoperoxyl radicals generated in methyl linoleate methanol solution by 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), and in aqueous soybean phosphatidylcholine unilamellar liposomes by 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)hydrochloride, found that Indicaxanthin and alpha-tocopherol, simultaneously incorporated in liposomes, exhibited cooperative antioxidant effects and reciprocal protective interactions. The extent of synergism decreased at the increase of the ratio (indicaxanthin)/(alpha-tocopherol), according to "<strong>Kinetics of the lipoperoxyl radical-scavenging activity of indicaxanthin in solution and unilamellar liposomes</strong>" by Tesoriere L, Allegra M, Butera D, Gentile C, Livrea MA.(3)<br /><br /><strong>4. Cytoprotective effects</strong><br />In the abservation of the dietary indicaxanthin for its protective effects on human beta-thalassemic RBCs indicated that indicaxanthin can be incorporated into the redox machinery of beta-thalassemic RBC and defend the cell from oxidation, possibly interfering with perferryl-Hb, a reactive intermediate in the hydroperoxide-dependent Hb degradation. Opportunities of therapeutic interest for beta-thalassemia may be considered, according to <strong>'Cytoprotective effects of the antioxidant phytochemical indicaxanthin in beta-thalassemia red blood cells"</strong> by Tesoriere L, Allegra M, Butera D, Gentile C, Livrea MA.(4)<br /><br /><strong>5. Antioxidant activities<br /></strong>In the study of the antioxidant effects of Sicilian cultivars of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica) produce yellow, red, and white fruits, due to the combination of two betalain pigments, the purple-red betanin and the yellow-orange indicaxanthin, found that The extract from the white fruit showed the highest protection in all models of lipid oxidation. Purified betanin and indicaxanthin were more effective than Trolox at scavenging the [2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] diammonium salt cation radical. Cyclic voltammetric measurements show two anodic waves for betanin and indicaxanthin, and differential pulse voltammetry shows three anodic waves for betanin, with calculated peak potentials of 404, 616, and 998 mV, and two anodic waves for indicaxanthin, with peak potentials of 611 and 895 mV, according to <strong>'Antioxidant activities of sicilian prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica) fruit extracts and reducing properties of its betalains: betanin and indicaxanthin"</strong> by Butera D, Tesoriere L, Di Gaudio F, Bongiorno A, Allegra M, Pintaudi AM, Kohen R, Livrea MA.(5)<br /><br /><strong>6. Antispasmodic effects</strong><br />In the investigation of the effects of a hydrophilic extract from Opuntia ficus indica fruit pulp (cactus fruit extract, CFE) on the motility of mouse ileum, using an organ bath technique and researched the extract component(s) responsible, found that CFE is able to exert direct antispasmodic effects on the intestinal motility. The CFE inhibitory effects do not involve potassium channels or voltage-dependent calcium channels but rather pathways of calcium intracellular release. The fruit pigment indicaxanthin appears to be the main component responsible for the CFE-induced effects, according to "<strong>Inhibition of the mechanical activity of mouse ileum by cactus pear (Opuntia Ficus Indica, L, Mill.) fruit extract and its pigment indicaxanthin</strong>" by Baldassano S, Tesoriere L, Rotondo A, Serio R, Livrea MA, Mulè F.(6)<br /><br />7. Etc.<br /><br /><strong>Sources</strong><br />(1) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21371457">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21371457</a><br />(2) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15913556">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15913556</a><br />(3) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17364949">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17364949</a><br />(4) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984002">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984002</a><br />(5) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12405794">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12405794</a><br />(6) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20518499">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20518499</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-77280423796820022052012-02-18T15:42:00.017-08:002012-03-13T09:41:06.230-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 8 Health Benefits of Betacyanins<span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold">Betacyanins </span>are phytochemicals in the class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments, belonging to the group of Betalains, found abundantly in beets, chard, etc.<br /><br /><strong>Health Benefits </strong><br /><strong>1. Cytotoxic effect</strong><br />In the comparison of the cytotoxic effect of the red beetroot extract with anticancer drug, doxorubicin (adriamycin) in the androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells (PC-3) and in the well-established estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), found that that betanin, the major <strong>betacyanin </strong>constituent, may play an important role in the cytotoxicity exhibited by the red beetroot extract. Further studies are needed to evaluate the chemopreventive potentials of the beetroot extract when used alone or in combination with doxorubicin to mitigate the toxic side-effects of the latter, according to "<strong>Cytotoxic effect of the red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) extract compared to doxorubicin (Adriamycin) in the human prostate (PC-3) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines</strong>' by Kapadia GJ, Azuine MA, Rao GS, Arai T, Iida A, Tokuda H.(1)<br /><br /><strong>2. Neuroprotective effect</strong><br />In the assessment of the protective effect of betacyanins from Portulaca oleracea L. against the D-galactose (D-gal)-induced neurotoxicity in mice, suggest that the neuroprotective effect of betacyanins against D-gal-induced neurotoxicity might be caused, at least in part, by an increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes with a reduction in lipid peroxidation. In comparison with vitamin C (VC), the betacyanins had a more pronounced effect on ameliorating cognition deficits in mice, according to "<strong>Betacyanins from Portulaca oleracea L. ameliorate cognition deficits and attenuate oxidative damage induced by D-galactose in the brains of senescent mice</strong>" by<br />Wang CQ, Yang GQ.(2)<br /><br /><strong>3. Lipoperoxyl radical-scavenging activity</strong><br />In the study of the reaction kinetics of betanin and its aglycone betanidin towards peroxyl radicals generated from the azo-initiated oxidation of methyl linoleate in methanol and of a heterogeneous aqueous/soybean phosphatidylcholine liposomal system, mechanisms of the antioxidant activity. Either betanin or betanidin incorporated in liposomes with alpha-tocopherol had additive effects, supporting partition of the pigments in the bilayer and lipoperoxyl radical reduction, according to "<strong>Betacyanins as phenol antioxidants. Chemistry and mechanistic aspects of the lipoperoxyl radical-scavenging activity in solution and liposomes</strong>" by Tesoriere L, Allegra M, Gentile C, Livrea MA.(3)<br /><br /><strong>4. Diggestive effects</strong><br />In the assessment of the stability of betacyanins and betaxanthins from either fresh foods or manufactured products of cactus pear fruit ( Opuntia ficus indica L. Mill. cv. Gialla and Rossa) and red beet ( Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris) in a simulated oral, gastric, and small intestinal digestion and compared with the digestive stability of purified pigments, suggested that digestive stability controls bioaccessibility of dietary betaxanthins, whereas additional factors, relevant to the food matrix and style of processing, affect betacyanin bioaccessibility, according to "<strong>In vitro digestion of betalainic foods. Stability and bioaccessibility of betaxanthins and betacyanins and antioxidative potential of food digesta</strong>" by Tesoriere L, Fazzari M, Angileri F, Gentile C, Livrea MA.(4)<br /><br /><strong>5. Chronic myeloid leukemia</strong><br />In the evaluation of the antiproliferative effects of betanin, a principle betacyanin pigment, isolated from the fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica on human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K562), found that betanin, a betacyanin pigment induces apoptosis in K562 cells through the intrinsic pathway and is mediated by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol, and PARP cleavage. The antiproliferative effects of betanin add further value to the nutritional characteristics of the fruits of O. ficus-indica, according to "<strong>Betanin a betacyanin pigment purified from fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica induces apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia Cell line-K562</strong>" by Sreekanth D, Arunasree MK, Roy KR, Chandramohan Reddy T, Reddy GV, Reddanna P.(5)<br /><br /><strong>6. Environment effects</strong><br />In the study of the ffects of temperature, light, salinity and developmental phases on the accumulation of red pigments in the C(3) halophyte Suaeda salsa, found that red pigments are betacyanins. Darkness, low temperatures and high salinity enhance betacyanin accumulation in Suaeda salsa, and darkness in the germination phase is one of the most important environmental factors for the betacyanin accumulation, according to "<strong>Identification of betacyanin and effects of environmental factors on its accumulation in halophyte Suaeda salsa</strong>" by Wang CQ, Zhao JQ, Chen M, Wang BS.(6)<br /><br /><strong>7. Anti cancers</strong><br />In the investigation of the natural pigments, alone and in combination for their relative potencies against cyclooxygenase enzymes and tumor cell growth inhibition by using MCF-7 (breast), HCT-116 (colon), AGS (stomach), CNS (central nervous system), and NCI-H460 (lung) tumor cell lines, found that Among the colors tested, betanin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, lycopene, and beta-carotene inhibited lipid peroxidation. However, all pigments tested gave COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition and showed a dose-dependent growth inhibition against breast, colon, stomach, central nervous system, and lung tumor cells, respectively. The mixtures of these pigments were also evaluated for their synergistic effects and chemical interactions at various concentrations. The mixture of anthocyanin and betanin negated their efficacy in the cell growth inhibitory assay and did not enhance the COX enzyme inhibitory activity. This is the first report of a comparative evaluation and the impact on biological activities of these pigments alone and in combination, according to <strong>'Relative inhibition of lipid peroxidation, cyclooxygenase enzymes, and human tumor cell proliferation by natural food colors"</strong> by Reddy MK, Alexander-Lindo RL, Nair MG.(7)<br /><br />8. Included those of<br />a. Betanin<br />b. Isobetanin<br />c. Probetanin<br />d. Neobetanin<br /><br />9. Etc.<br /><br /><strong>Sources</strong><br />(1) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21434853">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21434853</a><br />(2) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19879120">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19879120</a><br />(3) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19548153">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19548153</a><br />(4) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18959410">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18959410</a><br />(5) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482444">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482444</a><br />(6) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16622319">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16622319</a><br />(7) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16277432">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16277432</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-89650492571711483432012-02-18T15:42:00.010-08:002012-03-12T19:10:45.473-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 9 Health Benefits of Betanin<span style="font-weight: bold;">Betanin</span> is Phytochemicals in the class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments of Betacyanins, belonging to the group of Betalains, found abundantly in beets, chard, etc.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Benefits</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Chronic myeloid leukemia Cell</span><br />In the evaluation of the antiproliferative effects of betanin, a principle betacyanin pigment, isolated from the fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica on human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K562) showed that dose and time dependent decrease in the proliferation of K562 cells treated with betanin with an IC(50) of 40 microM. Further studies involving scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed the apoptotic characteristics such as chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing. Agarose electrophoresis of genomic DNA of cells treated with betanin showed fragmentation pattern typical for apoptotic cells, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Betanin a betacyanin pigment purified from fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica induces apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia Cell line-K562</span>" by Sreekanth D, Arunasree MK, Roy KR, Chandramohan Reddy T, Reddy GV, Reddanna P.(1)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Neutrophil oxidative metabolism, DNA damage and apoptosis</span><br />In the evaluation of the effect of betanin, one of the beetroot major components, on ROS production, DNA damage and apoptosis in human resting and stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate13-acetate polymorphonuclear neutrophils, one of the key elements of the inflammatory response, indicate that betanin may be responsible for the effect of beetroot products on neutrophil oxidative metabolism and its consequences, DNA damage and apoptosis. The dose and time dependent effects on these processes require further studies, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Beetroot Component Betanin Modulates ROS Production, DNA Damage and Apoptosis in Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils"</span> by Zielińska-Przyjemska M, Olejnik A, Kostrzewa A, Luczak M, Jagodziński PP, Baer-Dubowska W.(2)<br /><br />3.<span style="font-weight: bold;"> Breast cancer </span><br />In the investigation of the effect of a wide range of dietary phytochemicals on the activity and expression of DNMTs in human breast cancer MCF7 cell line and their effect on DNA and histone H3 methylation, found that all phytochemicals inhibited the DNA methyltransferase activity with betanin being the weakest while rosmarinic and ellagic acids were the most potent modulators (up to 88% inhibition), according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">The effect of dietary polyphenols on the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in MCF7 breast cancer cells</span>" by Paluszczak J, Krajka-Kuźniak V, Baer-Dubowska W.(3)<br /><br />4. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Low-density lipoproteins</span><br />In the study of the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the presence of nitrite, now considered a key step in the pathophysiology of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, showed that betanin, a phytochemical of the betalain class, inhibits the production of lipid hydroperoxides in human LDL submitted to a MPO/nitrite-induced oxidation. Kinetic measurements including time-course of particle oxidation and betanin consumption, either in the presence or in the absence of nitrite, suggest that the antioxidant effect is possibly the result of various actions. Betanin scavenges the initiator radical nitrogen dioxide and can also act as a lipoperoxyl radical-scavenger, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Betanin inhibits the myeloperoxidase/nitrite-induced oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins</span>" by<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Allegra%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D"> </a>Allegra M, Tesoriere L, Livrea MA.(4)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Antioxidants</span><br />In the study of the pH-dependent free radical-scavenging activity of betanin in the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay, suggest that the exceptionally high antioxidant activity of betanin is associated with an increasing of its H-donation and electron-donation ability when going from cationic state to mono-, di- and tri-deprotonated states present at basic solutions, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Betanin, the main pigment of red beet: molecular origin of its exceptionally high free radical-scavenging activity</span>" by Gliszczyńska-Swigło A, Szymusiak H, Malinowska P.(5)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">6. Anti cancers</span><br />In the evaluation for betacyanins, anthocyanins, pure betanin, bixin, lycopene, chlorophyll, beta-carotene, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside were isolated from Beta vulgaris, Bixa orellana,Lycopersicum esculentum, Spinacia oleracea, Daucus carrota, and Prunus cerasus, relative potencies against cyclooxygenase enzymes and tumor cell growth inhibition by using MCF-7 (breast), HCT-116 (colon), AGS (stomach), CNS (central nervous system), and NCI-H460 (lung) tumor cell lines, found that all pigments tested gave COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition and showed a dose-dependent growth inhibition against breast, colon, stomach, central nervous system, and lung tumor cells, respectively. The mixtures of these pigments were also evaluated for their synergistic effects and chemical interactions at various concentrations. The mixture of anthocyanin and betanin negated their efficacy in the cell growth inhibitory assay and did not enhance the COX enzyme inhibitory activity. This is the first report of a comparative evaluation and the impact on biological activities of these pigments alone and in combination, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Relative inhibition of lipid peroxidation, cyclooxygenase enzymes, and human tumor cell proliferation by natural food color</span>s" by Reddy MK, Alexander-Lindo RL, Nair MG.(6)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">7. Myeloperoxidase and hypochlorous acid</span><br />In the evaluation of Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), the most powerful oxidant produced by human neutrophils and contribution to the damage caused by these inflammatory cells, produced from H2O2 and chloride by the heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), found that at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C. Formation of ferric (native) MPO from compound II occurs with a second-order rate constant of (1.1+/-0.1) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) (betanin) and (2.9+/-0.1) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) (indicaxanthin), respectively. In addition, both <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">betalains</span> can effectively scavenge hypochlorous acid with determined rates of (1.8+/-0.2) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) (betanin) and (7.7+/-0.1) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) (indicaxanthin) at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C., according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Mechanism of interaction of betanin and indicaxanthin with human myeloperoxidase and hypochlorous acid</span>" by Allegra M, Furtmüller PG, Jantschko W, Zederbauer M, Tesoriere L, Livrea MA, Obinger C.(7)<br /><br />8. Chemoprevention of lung and skin cancer<br />In the study of the in vitro inhibitory effect of Beta vulgaris (beet) root extract on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) induction using Raji cells revealed a high order of activity compared to capsanthin, cranberry, red onion skin and short and long red bell peppers, indicated that an in vivo anti-tumor promoting activity evaluation against the mice skin and lung bioassays also revealed a significant tumor inhibitory effect. The combined findings suggest that beetroot ingestion can be one of the useful means to prevent cancer, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Chemoprevention of lung and skin cancer by Beta vulgaris (beet) root extract</span>" by<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Kapadia%20GJ%22%5BAuthor%5D"> </a>Kapadia GJ, Tokuda H, Konoshima T, Nishino H.(8)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">9. Healthy additives</span><br />In a short-term bioassay was used to determine the ability of red-beet betalain pigments to initiate or promote hepatocarcinogenesis in rat liver, found that Comparison of the results obtained for the experimental groups with those for positive and negative control groups indicated that the betacyanin pigments tested in this assay did not initiate or promote hepatocarcinogenesis in rat liver. These findings provide further evidence that betalain colourants may be viable alternatives for synthetic dyes currently used as food additives, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Inability of red beet betalain pigments to initiate or promote hepatocarcinogenesi</span>s" by Schwartz SJ, von Elbe JH, Pariza MW, Goldsworthy T, Pitot HC.(9)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span><br />(1) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482444">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482444</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22076941">(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22076941</a><br />(3) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19840838">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19840838</a><br />(4) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19840838">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19840838</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17071510">(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17071510</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16277432">(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16277432</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15913556">(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15913556</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8620443">(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8620443</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6140212">(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6140212</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-16797459308761406512012-02-18T15:42:00.007-08:002012-03-12T18:38:27.336-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 8 Health Benefits of Betalains<b>Betalains</b> are Phytochemicals in the class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments found in cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants of which belongs to the group of flower plant<span dir="auto"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>Caryophyllales</span>.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Benefits</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Antioxidant</span><br />In the analyzing the stability of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">betalains</span> in juices prepared from Moroccan yellow cactus pears (Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill.) as a function of temperature and pH, found that the presence of natural pigments reduces the corrosion rate of the tested metal, especially on addition of the red pigments (97%). The inhibition efficiency increases as the pigment concentration of extracts increases. It was also found that the pigments tested act as mixed inhibitors. The inhibitive action of the extracts is discussed in term of adsorption and that such adsorption follows a Langmuir adsorption isotherm, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Betalain: a particular class of antioxidant pigment</span>" by El Gharras H.(1)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Cytotoxic effect</span><br />In the comparison of the cytotoxic effect of the red beetroot extract with anticancer drug, doxorubicin (adriamycin) in the androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells (PC-3) and in the well-established estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), found that<br />Both doxorubicin and the beetroot extract exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect in the two cancer cell lines tested. Although the cytotoxicity of the beetroot extract was significantly lower when compared to doxorubicin, it continued to decrease the growth rate of the PC-3 cells (3.7% in 3 days vs. 12.5% in 7 days) when tested at the concentration of 29 µg/ml, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Cytotoxic effect of the red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) extract compared to doxorubicin (Adriamycin) in the human prostate (PC-3) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines</span>" by Kapadia GJ, Azuine MA, Rao GS, Arai T, Iida A, Tokuda H.(2)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Antiradical activity</span><br />In the exploration of different structural features of the <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">betalains</span>, revealing the clues for the switch from yellow to violet color, and the loss of fluorescence, showed that A relevant series of 15 betalain-related compounds (both natural and novel semisynthetic ones) is obtained and characterized by chromatography, UV-vis spectrophotometry, fluorescence, and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. Antiradical properties of individual pure compounds in a broad pH range are studied under the ABTS(*+) radical assay. Relevance of specific bonds is studied, and differences between betaxanthins and betacyanins are used to explore in depth the structure-antiradical activity relationships in <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">betalains</span>, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Structural implications on color, fluorescence, and antiradical activity in </span><span class="highlight" style="background-color:"><span style="font-weight: bold;">betalain</span>s</span>" by<br /><div class="auths">Gandía-Herrero F, Escribano J, García-Carmona F.(3)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Breast cancer </span><br />In the investigation of the effect of a wide range of dietary phytochemicals on the activity and expression of DNMTs in human breast cancer MCF7 cell line and their effect on DNA and histone H3 methylation, found that all phytochemicals inhibited the DNA methyltransferase activity with betanin being the weakest while rosmarinic and ellagic acids were the most potent modulators (up to 88% inhibition), according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">The effect of dietary polyphenols on the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in MCF7 breast cancer cells</span>" by Paluszczak J, Krajka-Kuźniak V, Baer-Dubowska W.(4)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Cytotoxicity</span><br />In the determination of Juices of nine prickly pears (Opuntia spp.) characterized in terms of color, acidity, sugar content, phenolics, flavonoids, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">betalains</span> and antioxidant activity and tested in vitro against four cancer cell lines, found that among the cancer lines tested, viability of prostate and colon cells were the most affected. Moradillo contained the highest flavonoids and diminished both prostate and colon cancer cell viability without affecting mammary or hepatic cancer cells. Rastrero reduced the growth of the four cancer cell lines without affecting normal fibroblast viability, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Phenolic composition, antioxidant capacity and in vitro cancer cell cytotoxicity of nine prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) juices</span>" by Chavez-Santoscoy RA, Gutierrez-Uribe JA, Serna-Saldívar SO.(5)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">6. Radioprotective activity</span><br />In the investigation of the radioprotective activity of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">betalains</span> from red beets in mice irradiated by a (60)Co gamma (gamma) ray (6.0 Gy, at a dose of 1.5 Gy min(-1)), found that the administration of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">betalains</span> from red beets is radioprotective in mice irradiated by (60)Co in vivo. The underlying mechanism remains unclear but appears to be mediated by the antioxidant activity of the <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">betalains</span> from red beets and modulation of the immune system, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Radioprotective activity of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">betalains</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> from red beets in mice exposed to gamma irradiation</span>" by Lu X, Wang Y, Zhang Z.(6)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">7. Chronic myeloid leukemia Cell</span><br />In the evaluation of the antiproliferative effects of betanin, a principle betacyanin pigment, isolated from the fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica on human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K562) showed that dose and time dependent decrease in the proliferation of K562 cells treated with betanin with an IC(50) of 40 microM. Further studies involving scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed the apoptotic characteristics such as chromatin condensation, cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing. Agarose electrophoresis of genomic DNA of cells treated with betanin showed fragmentation pattern typical for apoptotic cells, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Betanin a betacyanin pigment purified from fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica induces apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia Cell line-K562</span>" by Sreekanth D, Arunasree MK, Roy KR, Chandramohan Reddy T, Reddy GV, Reddanna P.(7)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">8. Low-density lipoproteins</span><br />In the study of the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the presence of nitrite, now considered a key step in the pathophysiology of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, showed that betanin, a phytochemical of the betalain class, inhibits the production of lipid hydroperoxides in human LDL submitted to a MPO/nitrite-induced oxidation. Kinetic measurements including time-course of particle oxidation and betanin consumption, either in the presence or in the absence of nitrite, suggest that the antioxidant effect is possibly the result of various actions. Betanin scavenges the initiator radical nitrogen dioxide and can also act as a lipoperoxyl radical-scavenger, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Betanin inhibits the myeloperoxidase/nitrite-induced oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins</span>" by<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Allegra%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D"> </a>Allegra M, Tesoriere L, Livrea MA.(8)<br /><br />9. Etc.<br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22164774">(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22164774</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21434853">(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21434853</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20467875">(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20467875</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19840838">(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19840838</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19468836">(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19468836</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19446548">(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19446548</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482444">(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482444</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17364963">(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17364963</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-91235800372701667772012-02-18T15:41:00.012-08:002012-03-12T16:19:39.069-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 11 Health Benefits of Betulinic acid<div><strong>Betulinic acid</strong> is a phytochemincal in the subclass of Triterpenoid, belonging to the group of Terpenes found abundantly in Ber tree, white birch, rosemary etc.</div><br /><div></div><div><strong>Health Benefits</strong></div><div><strong>1. Colorectal cancer</strong></div><div>In the investigation of the enhancement of Betulinic acid (BA) cytotoxicity by α-mangostin, and the cytoprotection effect of α-mangostin and BA on cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity on HCT 116 human colorectal carcinoma cells, found that α-Mangostin and BA were more cytotoxic to the colon cancer cells than to the normal colonic cells, and both compounds showed a cytoprotective effect against cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. On the other hand, α-mangostin enhanced the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of BA. Combination therapy hits multiple targets, which may improve the overall response to the treatment, and may reduce the likelihood of developing drug resistance by the tumor cells, according to <strong>'α-Mangostin Enhances Betulinic Acid Cytotoxicity and Inhibits Cisplatin Cytotoxicity on HCT 116 Colorectal Carcinoma Cells</strong>" by Aisha AF, Abu-Salah KM, Ismail Z, Majid AM.(1)</div><br /><div></div><div><strong>2. Anti cancers</strong></div><div>In the identifitification of the agent as potently effective against a wide variety of cancer cells, also those derived from therapy-resistant and refractory tumors, found that In-vivo preclinically applied BetA showed some remarkable anticancer effects and a complete absence of systemic toxicity in rodents. BetA also cooperated with other therapies to induce tumor cell death and several potent derivatives have been discovered. Its antitumor activity has been related to its direct effects on mitochondria where it induces Bax/Bak-independent cytochrome-c release, according to <strong>'Betulinic acid, a natural compound with potent anticancer effects</strong>" by Mullauer FB, Kessler JH, Medema JP.(2)</div><br /><div></div><div><strong>3. Anti inflammatory effects</strong></div><div>In the investigation of the effect of betulinic acid (BA) on acute lung damage induced by bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) in male Sprague-Dawley rats, found that Treatment with BA was found to significantly attenuate all these alterations. The present results suggest that BA is endowed with antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties that protect the lung against the deleterious actions of LPS, according to <strong>'Effect of betulinic acid on neutrophil recruitment and inflammatory mediator expression in lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation in rats</strong>" by Nader MA, Baraka HN.(3)</div><br /><div></div><div><strong>4. Ovarian Cancer</strong></div><div>In elucidation of the effect of BH3-only proteins on cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells,</div><div>indicate that Puma plays a critical role in the apoptosis of chemo-resistant ovarian cancer cells treated with betulinic acid (BetA). The reduction of Puma expression inhibits Bax activation and apoptosis, according to "<strong>JNK and Akt-mediated Puma Expression in the Apoptosis of Cisplatin-resistant Ovarian Cancer Cells</strong>" by Zhao Z, Wang J, Tang J, Liu X, Zhong Q, Wang F, Hu W, Yuan Z, Nie C, Wei Y.(4)</div><br /><div></div><div><strong>5. Anti-fibrotic effect</strong> </div><div>In the to investigation of the anti-fibrotic effect and the potential mechanisms of action of betulinic acid (BA) against hepatic fibrosis in vivo and in vitro, showed that BA effectively decreased the HSC-T6 cell viability induced by TNF-α and showed low toxicity in normal human chang liver cells. Moreover, BA significantly attenuated the expression of α-SMA and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and increased the levels of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-13. BA also inhibited the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in a time-dependent manner, according to <strong>'The anti-fibrotic effect of betulinic acid is mediated through the inhibition of NF-κB nuclear protein translocation</strong>" by Wan Y, Wu YL, Lian LH, Xie WX, Li X, Ouyang BQ, Bai T, Li Q, Yang N, Nan JX.(5)</div><br /><div></div><div><strong>6. Antifungal metabolites</strong> </div><div>In the investigation of the Antifungal effects of two new natural compounds, 4-hydroxy-5,6-dimethoxynaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde (1) and 12,13-didehydro-20,29-dihydrobetulin (2) together with nine known compounds, including 7-methyljuglone (3), diospyrin (4), isodiospyrin (5), shinanolone (6), lupeol (7), betulin (8), betulinic acid (9), betulinaldehyde (10), and ursolic acid (11) from the acetone extract of the roots of Diospyros virginiana, found that All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their antifungal activities against Colletotrichum fragariae, C. gloeosporioides, C. acutatum, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Phomopsis obscurans, and P. viticola using in vitro micro-dilution broth assay, according to <strong>'Antifungal metabolites from the roots of Diospyros virginiana by overpressure layer chromatography</strong>" by Wang X, Habib E, León F, Radwan MM, Tabanca N, Gao J, Wedge DE, Cutler SJ.(6)</div><br /><div></div><div><strong>7. Antileukemic activity</strong></div><div>In an easy and efficient route to partial synthesis of bioactive 28-hydroxy-3-oxolup-20(29)-en-30-al (1), starting from betulinic acid (2), found that Compound 1 and the precursors (2, 3, 5, and 7) showed antiproliferative activities against human K562 leukemia, murine WEHI3 leukemia, and murine MEL erythroid progenitor, according to 'Synthesis of bioactive 28-hydroxy-3-oxolup-20(29)-en-30-al with antileukemic activity by Ghosh P, Mandal A, Ghosh J, Pal C, Nanda AK.(7)<br /><br />8. <span style="font-weight: bold;">HIV maturation inhibitor</span><br />In the study of triterpene derivatives as potent anti-HIV agents, different C-3 conformationally restricted betulinic acid (BA, 1) derivatives were designed and synthesized in order to explore the conformational space of the C-3 pharmacophore. 3-O-Monomethylsuccinyl-betulinic acid (MSB) analogues were also designed to better understand the contribution of the C-3' dimethyl group of bevirimat (2), the first-in-class HIV maturation inhibitor, which is currently in phase IIb clinical trials. In addition, another triterpene skeleton, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">moronic acid</span> (MA, 3), was also employed to study the influence of the backbone and the C-3 modification toward the anti-HIV activity of this compound class, may lead to led to the design and synthesis of compound 12 (EC(50): 0.0006 microM), which displayed slightly better activity than 2 as a HIV-1 maturation inhibitor, according to <span style="font-weight: bold;">" Anti-AIDS agents 81. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship study of betulinic acid and </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">moronic acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> derivatives as potent HIV maturation inhibitor</span>s" by Qian K, Kuo RY, Chen CH, Huang L, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH.(8)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">9. Cytokine production and proliferation of CD4(+) T cells and CD19(+) B cells</span><br />In the examination of the effects of the triterpene acid mixture on the cytokine production and proliferation of CD4(+) T cells and CD19(+) B cells induced by a self-antigen, human thyroglobulin and by lipopolysaccharide in cultures of normal mononuclear cells, found that the mixture also inhibited CD4(+) T-cell and CD19(+) B-cell proliferation (IC(50) value 22 and 12 µg/mL, respectively). Together, these data demonstrate that oleanolic, ursolic and <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">betulinic acid</span> are active immunomodulatory constituents of the standardized rose hip powder, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Triterpene Acids from Rose Hip Powder Inhibit Self-antigen- and LPS-induced Cytokine Production and CD4(+) T-cell Proliferation in Human Mononuclear Cell Cultures</span>" by Saaby L, Nielsen CH.(9)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">10. Antiobesity effects </span><br />In the investigation of the antilipase function of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">betulinic acid</span>, the ability of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">betulinic acid</span> to inhibit pancreatic lipase activity in vitro and and prevention of the elevation of plasma triacylglycerol levels tested after oral administration of a lipid emulsion in rats, suggested that <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">betulinic acid</span> may exert antiobesity effects by directly inhibiting pancreatic lipase, which would prevent the absorption of lipid from the small intestine. In addition, it was found that <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">betulinic acid</span> may further accelerate fat mobilization by enhancing the levels of lipolysis in adipose tissues, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Betulinic Acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> has an Inhibitory Effect on Pancreatic Lipase and Induces Adipocyte Lipolysi</span>s" by Kim J, Lee YS, Kim CS, Kim JS.(10)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">11. Antimicrobial activity</span><br />In the investigation of the extract from of the isolation from leaves of Clusia burlemarxii, (3-O-α-L- rhamnopyranosylquercetin, 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosylkaempferol, 4-hydroxy-5,5-dimethyldihydrofuran-2-one, 2Z-δ-tocotrienoloic acid and friedelin) and from trunk <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">(betulinic acid</span>, protocatechuic acid, lyoniresinol, and a new biphenyl 2,2-dimethyl-3,5-dihydroxy-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromane), found that the extracts and compounds showed significant activity against tested Gram-positive bacteria, none activity against tested Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, according to <span style="font-weight: bold;">"A new biphenyl and antimicrobial activity of extracts and compounds from Clusia burlemarxii</span>" by Ribeiro PR, Ferraz CG, Guedes ML, Martins D, Cruz FG.(11)<br /><br />12. Etc.<br /></div><br style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="font-weight: bold;"></div><div style="font-weight: bold;"></div><div style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</div>(1) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402764">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402764</a><br />(2) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20075711">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20075711</a><br />(3) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402186">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402186</a><br />(4) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22394200">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22394200</a><br />(5) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285267">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22285267</a><br />(6) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22162171">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22162171</a><br />(7) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22166062">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22166062</a><br />(8) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20329730">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20329730</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22170858">(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22170858</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22114077">(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22114077</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21893172">(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21893172</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-87892519319447119152012-02-18T15:41:00.010-08:002012-03-12T15:57:31.732-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 6 Health Benefits of Moronic acid<span style="font-weight: bold;">Moronic acid </span>is a phytochemincal in the subclass of Triterpenoid, belonging to the group of Terpenes found in extracted from <span class="mw-redirect">Rhus javanica</span>, Mistletoe, etc.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Benefits</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. HIV maturation inhibitor</span><br />In the study of triterpene derivatives as potent anti-HIV agents, different C-3 conformationally restricted betulinic acid (BA, 1) derivatives were designed and synthesized in order to explore the conformational space of the C-3 pharmacophore. 3-O-Monomethylsuccinyl-betulinic acid (MSB) analogues were also designed to better understand the contribution of the C-3' dimethyl group of bevirimat (2), the first-in-class HIV maturation inhibitor, which is currently in phase IIb clinical trials. In addition, another triterpene skeleton, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">moronic acid</span> (MA, 3), was also employed to study the influence of the backbone and the C-3 modification toward the anti-HIV activity of this compound class, may lead to led to the design and synthesis of compound 12 (EC(50): 0.0006 microM), which displayed slightly better activity than 2 as a HIV-1 maturation inhibitor, according to <span style="font-weight: bold;">" Anti-AIDS agents 81. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship study of betulinic acid and </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">moronic acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> derivatives as potent HIV maturation inhibitor</span>s" by Qian K, Kuo RY, Chen CH, Huang L, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH.(1)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Anti- Epstein-Barr virus</span><br />In the investigation of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">moronic acid</span>, found in galls of Rhus chinensis and Brazilian propolis, at 10microM inhibits the expression of Rta, Zta, and an EBV early protein, EA-D, after lytic induction with sodium butyrate, found that moronic acids inhibits the capacity of Rta to activate a promoter that contains an Rta-response element, indicating that <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">moronic acid</span> interferes with the function of Rta. On the other hand, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">moronic acid</span> does not appear to influence with the transactivation function of Zta. Therefore, the lack of expression of Zta and EA-D after <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">moronic acid</span> treatment is attributable to the inhibition of the transactivation functions of Rta. Because the expression of Zta, EA-D and many EBV lytic genes depends on Rta, the treatment of P3HR1 cells with <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">moronic acid</span> substantially reduces the numbers of EBV particles produced by the cells after lytic induction, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Inhibition of the Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle by </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">moronic acid</span>" by Chang FR, Hsieh YC, Chang YF, Lee KH, Wu YC, Chang LK.(2)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Anti fungal effects</span><br />In the determination of The effect of compound isolated from ethanol extract from Xyris pteygoblephara aerial parts against five microorganism strains, by the microdilution and agar diffusion methods, indicated that assay of 1 (100 microg/disc) by the agar diffusion method against clinical isolates of the dermatophytes Epidermophyton floccosum (inhibition zone, mm+/-s.d.: 4.5+/-0.8), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (4.8+/-0.4) and Trichophyton rubrum (10.2+/-0.8) revealed similar inhibition zones to the positive control amphotericin B (32 microg/disc; 5.0+/-0.2; 5.0+/-0.6 and 8.8+/-1.2, respectively), according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Dihydroisocoumarin from Xyris pterygoblephara active against dermatophyte fungi</span>" by Guimarães KG, de Souza Filho JD, Dos Mares-Guia TR, Braga FC.(3)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Cytotoxic activity </span><br />In the isolation of the cytotoxic compound <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">moronic acid</span> (1) and the new tetracyclic triterpene 3,4-seco-olean-18-ene-3,28-dioic acid (2), from the aerial parts of the medicinal plant Phoradendron reichenbachianum (mistletoe, Loranthaceae) through a bioassay-guided fractionation, indicated that the structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Cytotoxic activity of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">moronic acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> and identification of the new triterpene 3,4-seco-olean-18-ene-3,28-dioic acid from Phoradendron reichenbachianum</span>`by Rios MY, Salina D, Villarreal ML.(4)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Antimicrobial activity</span><br />In the isolation of the active factor C<sub>30</sub>H<sub>46</sub>O<sub>3</sub> of the Root bark extract of the East African medicinal plant Ozoroa mucronata showed antimicrobial activity <em class="ITALIC"></em> against Gram-positive bacteria, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Moronic acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">, a simple triterpenoid keto acid with antimicrobial activity isolated from Ozoroa mucronata</span>" by Hostettmann-Kaldas M, Nakanishi K.(5)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">6. Anti-herpes simplex virus</span><br />In the study of purification two major anti-HSV compounds, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">moronic acid</span> and betulonic acid, from the herbal extract by extraction with ethyl acetate at pH 10 followed by chromatographic separations and examined their anti-HSV activity in vitro and in vivo, found that <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">Moronic acid</span> suppressed virus yields in the brain more efficiently than those in the skin. This was consistent with the prolongation of mean survival times. Thus, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">moronic acid</span> was purified as a major anti-HSV compound from the herbal extract of Rhus javanica. Mode of the anti-HSV activity was different from that of ACV, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">moronic acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> purified from Rhus javanica in vitro and in vivo</span>" by<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Kurokawa%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D"> </a>Kurokawa M, Basnet P, Ohsugi M, Hozumi T, Kadota S, Namba T, Kawana T, Shiraki K.<span style="font-weight: bold;">(6)<br /><br /></span><span>7. Etc.</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br /><br />Sources</span><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20329730">(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20329730</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19969023">(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19969023</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17870137">(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17870137</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11488459">(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11488459</a><br /><a href="https://www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/abstract/plantamedica/doi/10.1055/s-0028-1097349">(5) https://www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/abstract/plantamedica/doi/10.1055/s-0028-1097349</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10086989">(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10086989</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-37150950149566344742012-02-18T15:41:00.006-08:002012-03-12T10:23:38.823-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 13 Health Benefits of Ursolic acid<strong>Ursolic acid</strong> is a phytochemincal in the subclass of Triterpenoid, belonging to the group of Terpenes found abundantly in apples, basil, bilberries, cranberries, peppermint, lavender, oregano, hawthorn, prunes., etc.
<br />
<br /><strong>Health Benefits</strong>
<br /><strong>1. Multi-drug resistance cancers</strong>
<br />In the study of the proliferation-inhibiting and apoptosis-inducing effects of ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) on multi-drug resistance (MDR) cancer cells in vitro, indicated that Both UA and OA have antitumor effects on cancer cells with MDR, and the optimal effect is shown by UA on colonic cancer cells. Also, UA shows cell apoptosis-inducing effect on SW480, possibly by way of down-regulating the expressions of apoptosis antagonistic proteins, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and surviving, according to "<strong>Proliferation-inhibiting and apoptosis-inducing effects of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid on multi-drug resistance cancer cells in vitro</strong>" by Shan JZ, Xuan YY, Ruan SQ, Sun M.(1)
<br />
<br /><strong>2. Skin fibroblast cells</strong>
<br />In the observation of how ursolic and oleanolic acids can be used for the purpose of quality control of natural products used in dermatocosmetology as well as of various other therapeutic preparations, showed that Of the two isomeric compounds, UA showed a higher cytotoxic activity against HSF cells than did OA. Our investigations showed that OA, in view of its non-toxic nature, may be used as a supplementary factor for dermal preparations, according to "<strong>The effect of ursolic and oleanolic acids on human skin fibroblast cells</strong>" by Wójciak-Kosior M, Paduch R, Matysik-Woźniak A, Niedziela P, Donica H.(2)
<br />
<br />3<strong>. Antibiotic resistance</strong>
<br />In the investigation of antibiotic resistance effects of oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA), among bacterial pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis), found that Using FICI value estimation and the time-kill method it was demonstrated that in some combinations, the tested compounds acted in synergy to lower the susceptibility of S. aureus, S. epidermidis and L. monocytogenes to ampicillin and oxacillin, but no synergy was observed for P. aeruginosa, according to "<strong>Modulation of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens by oleanolic acid and ursolic acid</strong>" by Kurek A, Nadkowska P, Pliszka S, Wolska KI.(3)
<br />
<br /><strong>4. Cytotoxic activites</strong>
<br />In the evaluation of the anti-proliferative capability of the derivatives of C-3 and C-28 positions of ursolic acid (UA). against HepG2, AGS, HT-29 and PC-3 cells by the MTT assay, showed the cytotoxic capacity of the compounds was: Group I<ua<group>
<br /><strong>5. Hepatocellular carcinoma</strong>
<br />In the study of the inhibitory effect and mechanisms of UA on the human hepatoma cell line SMMC-7721, indicated that the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells was significantly inhibited in a dose- and time-dependent manner after UA treatment. UA induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The DNA microarray analysis indicated that 64 genes were found to be markedly up- or down-expressed, including GDF15, SOD2, ATF3, and fos, according to "<strong>Ursolic acid induces human hepatoma cell line SMMC-7721 apoptosis via p53-dependent pathway</strong>" by Yu YX, Gu ZL, Yin JL, Chou WH, Kwok CY, Qin ZH, Liang ZQ.(5)
<br />
<br /><strong>6. Bladder cancer</strong>
<br />In the investigation of Ursolic acid (UA) anti-tumor properties against bladder cancer, found that the ceramide level was increased after UA treatment in T24 cells, and UA-induced AMPK activation and T24 cell apoptosis were inhibited by ceramide synthase inhibitor fumonisin B1, and was enhanced by exogenously adding cell permeable short-chain ceramide (C6), suggesting that ceramide might serve as an upstream signal for AMPK activation. Further, activation of AMPK by UA promoted c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, but inhibited mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling to cause survivin down-regulation, according to " <strong>Ursolic acid-induced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation contributes to growth inhibition and apoptosis in human bladder cancer T24 cells"</strong> by Zheng QY, Yao C, Jin F, Zhang Y, Zhang GH.(6)
<br />
<br /><strong>7. Anti cancers</strong>
<br />In the investigation of QSAR models for predicting the activities of ursolic acid analogs against human lung (A-549) and CNS (SF-295) cancer cell lines, indicated that The QSAR study indicated that the LUMO energy, ring count, and solvent-accessible surface area were strongly correlated with anticancer activity. Similarly, the QSAR model for cytotoxic activity against the human CNS cancer cell line (SF-295) also showed a high correlation (r (2) = 0.99 and rCV(2) = 0.96), and indicated that dipole vector and solvent-accessible surface area were strongly correlated with activity. Ursolic acid analogs that were predicted to be active against these cancer cell lines by the QSAR models were semisynthesized and characterized on the basis of their (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic data, and were then tested in vitro against the human lung (A-549) and CNS (SF-295) cancer cell lines. The experimental results obtained agreed well with the predicted values, according to "<strong>Pharmacophore, QSAR, and ADME based semisynthesis and in vitro evaluation of ursolic acid analogs for anticancer activity</strong>" by Kalani K, Yadav DK, Khan F, Srivastava SK, Suri N.(7)
<br />
<br /><strong>8. Hippocrates, "Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food"</strong>
<br />In the determination of the traditional medicine and diet on mankind through the ages for prevention and treatment of most chronic diseases, found that suggests that chronic inflammation mediates most chronic diseases, including cancer. More than other transcription factors, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and STAT3 have emerged as major regulators of inflammation, cellular transformation, and tumor cell survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Thus, agents ( avicins, betulinic acid, boswellic acid, celastrol, diosgenin, madecassic acid, maslinic acid, momordin, saikosaponins, platycodon, pristimerin, ursolic acid, and withanolide) that can inhibit NF-κB and STAT3 activation pathways have the potential to both prevent and treat cancer, according to "<strong>Targeting inflammatory pathways by triterpenoids for prevention and treatment of cancer</strong>" by Yadav VR, Prasad S, Sung B, Kannappan R, Aggarwal BB.(8)
<br />
<br /><strong>9. Photoprotection</strong>
<br />Inn the evaluation of photoprotective effects of against UVAR of triterpenoids, indicated that natural material-derived triterpenoids such as oleanolic acid can abrogate UVA-induced gene expression by raft stabilization. This effect depends on the structure of the molecule, because its isomer ursolic acid also integrates within the rafts without inhibiting ceramide formation and upregulation of gene expression, according to "<strong>Photoprotection against UVAR: effective triterpenoids require a lipid raft stabilizing chemical structure"</strong> by Bayer M, Proksch P, Felsner I, Brenden H, Kohne Z, Walli R, Duong TN, Götz C, Krutmann J, Grether-Beck S.(9)
<br />
<br /><strong>10. Cardiotonic and antidysrhythmic effects</strong>
<br />In the study of the cardiotonic and antidysrhythmic effects of four triterpenoid derivatives, namely oleanolic acid (OA), ursolic acid (UA), and uvaol (UV), isolated from the leaves of African wild olive (Olea europaea, subsp. africana) as well as methyl maslinate (MM) isolated from the leaves of Olea europaea (Cape cultivar), found that OA and UV isolated from wild African olive leaves, or crude extract containing all components, can provide a cheap and accessible source of additive to conventional treatment of hypertension, complicated by stenocardia and cardiac failure, according to "<strong>Cardiotonic and antidysrhythmic effects of oleanolic and ursolic acids, methyl maslinate and uvaol</strong>" by Somova LI, Shode FO, Mipando M.(10)
<br />
<br /><strong>11. Etc.</strong>
<br />
<br /><strong>Sources</strong>
<br />(1) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21799944">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21799944</a>
<br />(2) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22252762">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22252762</a>
<br />(3)
<br />(4) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22370266">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22370266</a>
<br />(5) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20819578">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20819578</a>
<br />(6) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22387548">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22387548</a>
<br />(7) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22271093">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22271093</a>
<br />(8) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22069560">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22069560</a>
<br />(9) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21824200">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21824200</a>
<br />(10) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15070161">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15070161</a>
<br />(11) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12648829">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12648829</a>
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-47113958274101792052012-02-18T15:40:00.016-08:002012-03-12T10:25:22.223-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 12 Health Benefits of Oleanolic acid<strong>Oleanolic acid</strong> is a phytochemincal in the subclass of Triterpenoid, belonging to the group of Terpenes found abundantly in honey mesquite, garlic, java apple, clove, etc.<br /><br /><strong>Health Benefits</strong><br /><strong>1. Anti infammatory effects</strong><br />In the investigation by monitoring the effect of OA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated release of HMGB1 and the HMGB1-mediated modulation of inflammatory responses in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), showed that OA potently inhibited the release of HMGB1 by HUVECs as well as down-regulated HMGB1-dependent adhesion and migration of the monocytic cell line THP-1 to activated HUVECs. OA also down-regulated the cell surface expression of the receptor of HMGB1, thereby inhibiting HMGB1-dependent pro-inflammatory responses by inhibiting activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by HMGB1, according to "<strong>Anti-inflammatory activities of oleanolic acid on HMGB1 activated HUVECs</strong>" by Yang EJ, Lee W, Ku SK, Song KS, Bae JS.(1)<br /><br /><strong>2. Anti tumors effects</strong><br />In the examination of the anti tumor effect of a new oleanolic triterpene, 3β,6β,19α-trihydroxy-12-oleanen-28-oic acid (1) obtained from the chloroform-soluble portion of the 90% alcohol-water extract of the stem bark of Uncaria macrophylla, found that as the cytotoxicities of the compound was evaluated against two cancer cell lines of MCF-7 and HepG2 by the MTT method, and the compound exhibited weak activities with the IC(50) values of 78.2 µg/mL and 73.9 µg/mL, according to "<strong>A New Triterpene From Uncaria macrophylla and Its Antitumor Activity"</strong> by Sun G, Zhang X, Xu X, Yang J, Zhong M, Yuan J.(2)<br /><br /><strong>3. Non-small cell lung cancer</strong><br />In the evaluation of wheather oleanolic acid (OA), a pentacyclic triterpene present in several plants, is able to circumvent the mechanisms of drug resistance present in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and to induce their death, indicated that the data provide a significant insight into the antitumoral and antimetastatic activity of OA in NSCLC and suggest that including OA in the NSCLC regimens may help to decrease the number of relapses and reduce the development of metastases, according to "<strong>Oleanolic acid initiates apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines and reduces metastasis of a B16F10 melanoma model in vivo</strong>" by Lúcio KA, Rocha Gda G, Monção-Ribeiro LC, Fernandes J, Takiya CM, Gattass CR.(3)<br /><br /><strong>4. Ovarian cancer</strong><br />In the observation of the anticancer activity of methyl-2-cyano-3, 12-dioxooleana-1, 9(11)-dien-28-oate (CDDO-Me) derived from CDDO, a synthetic analog of oleanolic acid, and its mechanism of action in killing of human ovarian cancer cells, found that CDDO-Me strongly inhibited the growth of ovarian cancer cells by inducing apoptosis characterized by increased annexin V binding, cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) and procaspases-3, -8 and -9. In addition, CDDO-Me induced mitochondrial depolarization, according to "<strong>Synthetic oleanane triterpenoid, CDDO-Me, induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells by inhibiting prosurvival AKT/NF-κB/mTOR signaling</strong>" by Gao X, Liu Y, Deeb D, Arbab AS, Guo AM, Dulchavsky SA, Gautam SC.(4)<br /><br /><strong>5. Prostate Cancer</strong><br />In the deternimation of the efficacy of 2-Cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), a synthetic analog of oleanolic acid, and its C28 methyl ester derivative (CDDO-Me in preventing the development and progression of prostate cancer in the transgenic adenocarinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model, showed that treatment with CDDO-Me inhibited the expression of prosurvival p-Akt and NF-κB in the prostate and knocking-down Akt in TRAMPC-1 tumor cells sensitized them to CDDO-Me. These findings indicated that Akt is a target for apoptoxicity in TRAMPC-1 cells in vitro and potentially a target of CDDO-Me for inhibition of prostate cancer in vivo, according to <strong>'Prevention of Prostate Cancer with Oleanane Synthetic Triterpenoid CDDO-Me in the TRAMP Mouse Model of Prostate Cancer</strong>" by Gao X, Deeb D, Liu Y, Arbab AS, Divine GW, Dulchavsky SA, Gautam SC.(5)<br /><br /><strong>6. Multi-drug resistance cancers</strong><br />In the study of the proliferation-inhibiting and apoptosis-inducing effects of ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) on multi-drug resistance (MDR) cancer cells in vitro, indicated that Both UA and OA have antitumor effects on cancer cells with MDR, and the optimal effect is shown by UA on colonic cancer cells. Also, UA shows cell apoptosis-inducing effect on SW480, possibly by way of down-regulating the expressions of apoptosis antagonistic proteins, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and surviving, according to "<strong>Proliferation-inhibiting and apoptosis-inducing effects of ursolic acid and oleanolic acid on multi-drug resistance cancer cells in vitro</strong>" by Shan JZ, Xuan YY, Ruan SQ, Sun M.(6)<br /><br /><strong>7. Pancreatic Cancer</strong><br />In the evaluation of the antitumor activity and the mechanism of action of methyl-2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate (CDDO-Me), a oleanane-derived synthetic triterpenoid for human pancreatic cancer cell lines, found that CDDO-Me inhibited the growth of both K-ras mutated (MiaPaca2, Panc1 and Capan2) and wild-type K-ras (BxPC3) pancreatic cancer cells at very low concentrations. The growth inhibitory activity of CDDO-Me was attributed to the induction of apoptosis characterized by increased annexin-V-FITC binding and cleavage of PARP-1 and procaspases-3, -8 and-9. In addition, CDDO-Me induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome C. The antitumor activity of CDDO-Me was associated with the inhibition of prosurvival p-Akt, NF-κB and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling proteins and the downstream targets of Akt and mTOR, such as p-Foxo3a (Akt) and p-S6K1, p-eIF-4E and p-4E-BP1 (mTOR), according to "<strong>CDDO-Me: A Novel Synthetic Triterpenoid for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer</strong>" by Deeb D, Gao X, Arbab AS, Barton K, Dulchavsky SA, Gautam SC.(6)<br /><br /><strong>7. Colorectal cancer</strong><br />In the study of the role of free radicals in the growth inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activity of CDDO-Me in colorectal cancer cells lines, found that CDDO-Me potently inhibited the growth of colorectal cancer cells and pretreatment of cancer cells with small-molecule antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) completely blocked the growth inhibitory activity of CDDO-Me. CDDO-Me caused the generation of reactive oxygen species, which was inhibited by NAC and mitochondrial chain 1 complex inhibitors DPI and rotenone. CDDO-Me induced apoptosis as demonstrated by the cleavage of PARP-1, activation of procaspases -3, -8, and -9 and mitochondrial depolarization and NAC blocked the activation of these apoptosis related processes, according to "<strong>Role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in CDDO-Me-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells</strong>" by Gao X, Deeb D, Liu P, Liu Y, Arbab-Ali S, Dulchavsky SA, Gautam SC.(7)<br /><br /><strong>8. Neuroinflammatory disorders</strong><br />In the demonstration of the dual capacity of triterpenoids to simultaneously repress production of IL-17 and other pro-inflammatory mediators while exerting neuroprotective effects directly through Nrf2-dependent induction of anti-oxidant genes, founm that CDDO-trifluoroethyl-amide (CDDO-TFEA), completely suppressed disease in a murine model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), by inhibiting Th1 and Th17 mRNA and cytokine production. Encephalitogenic T cells recovered from treated mice were hypo-responsive to myelin antigen and failed to adoptively transfer the disease. Microarray analyses showed significant suppression of pro-inflammatory transcripts with concomitant induction of anti-inflammatory genes including Ptgds and Hsd11b1, according to "<strong>Triterpenoid modulation of IL-17 and Nrf-2 expression ameliorates neuroinflammation and promotes remyelination in autoimmune encephalomyelitis</strong>" by Pareek TK, Belkadi A, Kesavapany S, Zaremba A, Loh SL, Bai L, Cohen ML, Meyer C, Liby KT, Miller RH, Sporn MB, Letterio JJ.(8)<br /><br /><strong>9. Antibiotic resistance</strong><br />In the investigation of antibiotic resistance effects of oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA), among bacterial pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis), found that Using FICI value estimation and the time-kill method it was demonstrated that in some combinations, the tested compounds acted in synergy to lower the susceptibility of S. aureus, S. epidermidis and L. monocytogenes to ampicillin and oxacillin, but no synergy was observed for P. aeruginosa, according to "<strong>Modulation of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens by oleanolic acid and ursolic acid</strong>" by Kurek A, Nadkowska P, Pliszka S, Wolska KI.(9)<br /><br /><strong>10. Skin fibroblast cells</strong><br />In the observation of how ursolic and oleanolic acids can be used for the purpose of quality control of natural products used in dermatocosmetology as well as of various other therapeutic preparations, showed that Of the two isomeric compounds, UA showed a higher cytotoxic activity against HSF cells than did OA. Our investigations showed that OA, in view of its non-toxic nature, may be used as a supplementary factor for dermal preparations, according to "<strong>The effect of ursolic and oleanolic acids on human skin fibroblast</strong> c<strong>ells</strong>" by Wójciak-Kosior M, Paduch R, Matysik-Woźniak A, Niedziela P, Donica H.(10)<br /><br /><strong>11. Diabetic nephropathy</strong><br />In the investigation of the effect of a herbomineral formulation (HMF) on early diabetic nephropathy, indicated that our experimental findings clearly demonstrate that HMF has an ability to prevent the progression of early diabetic nephropathy. Such protective effect of HMF might be due to the presence of flavonoids (catechin, quercetin, rutin) and triterpene saponins (oleanolic acid and gymnemic acid) which are known to possess potent antioxidant properties, according to "<strong>Protective effect of herbomineral formulation (Dolabi) on early diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats'</strong> by Baig MA, Gawali VB, Patil RR, Naik SR.(11)<br /><br /><strong>12. Antihypertensive, antiatherosclerotic, insulin resistanceand antioxidant activity</strong><br />In the study of triterpenoids isolated of the African wild olive leaves (AO) used in the experiments was found to contain 0.27% 1:1 mixture of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, named oleuafricein and of Greek olive leaves (GO) found to contain 0.71% oleanolic acid, and the Cape Town cultivar (CT) contained 2.47% oleanolic acid. No ursolic acid was found in either GO or CT.<br />found that Aal three isolates, in a dose 60 mg/kg b.w. for 6 weeks treatment, prevented the development of severe hypertension and atherosclerosis and improved the insulin resistance of the experimental animals. GO, OA and CT isolates could provide an effective and cheap treatment of this particular, most common type of salt-sensitive hypertension in the African population, according to "<strong>Antihypertensive, antiatherosclerotic and antioxidant activity of triterpenoids isolated from Olea europaea, subspecies africana leaves</strong>" by Somova LI, Shode FO, Ramnanan P, Nadar A.(12)<br /><br /><strong>Sources</strong><br />(1) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22386814">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22386814</a><br />(2) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22334066">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22334066</a><br />(3) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22174843">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22174843</a><br />(4) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22110186">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22110186</a><br />(5) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21961053">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21961053</a><br />(6) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21799944">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21799944</a><br />(7)<br />(8) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355716">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355716</a><br />(9)<br />(10) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22252762">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22252762</a><br />(11) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22116744">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22116744</a><br />(12) <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12648829">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12648829</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-88158997219050964742012-02-18T15:40:00.011-08:002012-03-07T18:51:58.081-08:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 10 Health Benefits of Gamma-linolenic Acid<span style="font-weight: bold;">Gamma-linolenic acid</span> is a phytochemincalsin the group of Omega-3, 6,9 fatty acids, belonging the class of Lipids, found abundantly in evening primrose, borage, blackcurrant, etc.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Benefits</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Neuropathic symptoms</span><br />in the evaluation of the effects of alpha-lipoic <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">acid</span> (ALA) and <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">gamma-linolenic acid</span> (GLA) and the beneficial effect of physical exercise on positive sensory symptoms and neuropathic pain in patients with compressive radiculopathy syndrome from disc-nerve root conflict, found that oral treatment with alpha-lipoic <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">acid</span> (ALA) and <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">gamma-linolenic acid</span> (GLA) for six weeks in synergy with rehabilitation therapy improved neuropathic symptoms and deficits in patients with radicular neuropathy, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">The use of alpha-lipoic </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> (ALA), </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">gamma linolenic acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> (GLA) and rehabilitation in the treatment of back pain: effect on health-related quality of life</span>" by Ranieri M, Sciuscio M, Cortese AM, Santamato A, Di Teo L, Ianieri G, Bellomo RG, Stasi M, Megna M.(1)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Anti inflammatory effects</span><br />In the evaluation of wheather The PUFAs of omega-3 and omega-6 series play a significant role in health and disease by generating potent modulatory molecules for inflammatory responses,<br />found that GLA and its metabolites also affect expression of various genes where by regulating the levels of gene products including matrix proteins. These gene products play a significant role in immune functions and also in cell death (apoptosis). The present review will emphasize the role of GLA in modulating inflammatory response, and hence its potential applications as an anti-inflammatory nutrient or adjuvant, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Gamma linolenic acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">: an antiinflammatory omega-6 fatty </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">acid</span>" by Kapoor R, Huang YS.(2)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Brain tumor</span><br />In the investigation of the effects of oral consumption of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">gamma linolenic acid</span> (GLA) and docosahexaenoic <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">acid</span> (DHA) on brain tumor fatty <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">acid</span> composition, showed that dietary supplementation of DHA containing oil could be an effective way to increase levels of long chain n-3 fatty acids in brain tumors and this increase may be mediated partly by up-regulation of FABP7 expression, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">The influence of feeding linoleic, </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">gamma-linolenic</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> and docosahexaenoic </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> rich oils on rat brain tumor fatty acids composition and fatty </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> binding protein 7 mRNA expression</span>" by Nasrollahzadeh J, Siassi F, Doosti M, Eshraghian MR, Shokri F, Modarressi MH, Mohammadi-Asl J, Abdi K, Nikmanesh A, Karimian SM.(3)<br /><br />4. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Proliferation diseases</span><br />In the determination of a controversial dietary approaches focused on the diverse function of dihomo-dietary <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">gamma-linolenic acid</span> (DGLA) in anti-inflammation and anti-proliferation diseases, especially for cancers, found that hese compounds possess both anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. PGE1 could also induce growth inhibition and differentiation of cancer cells. Although the mechanism of DGLA has not yet been elucidated, it is significant to anticipate the antitumor potential benefits from DGLA, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Multiple roles of dihomo-</span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">gamma-linolenic acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> against proliferation diseases</span>" by Wang X, Lin H, Gu Y.(4)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Human health and nutrition</span><br />In the deiermination of weather a controversial dietary approaches has been the possible prophylactic role of dietary <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">gamma-linolenic acid</span> (GLA) in treating various chronic disease states, showed that these compounds possess both anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties. Although an optimal feeding regimen to maximize the potential benefits of dietary GLA has not yet been determined, it is the purpose of this review to summarize the most recent research that has focused on objectively and reproducibly determining the mechanism(s) by which GLA may ameliorate health problems, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Importance of dietary </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">gamma-linolenic acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> in human health and nutrition</span>" by Fan YY, Chapkin RS.(5)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">6. Skin protection</span><br />in the elucidation of the effect of GLA-rich oil on skin function, found that the mechanism of improvement of skin barrier has been associated with possible generation of anti-inflammatory metabolites from GLA. The clinical physician also confirmed that none of the subjects showed any noteworthy side effects. GLA-enriched food appears to be safe and to improve skin barrier function in subjects with dry skin conditions and mild atopic dermatitis, according to '<span style="font-weight: bold;">Dietary supplementation of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">gamma-linolenic acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> improves skin parameters in subjects with dry skin and mild atopic dermatitis</span>" by Kawamura A, Ooyama K, Kojima K, Kachi H, Abe T, Amano K, Aoyama T.(6)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">7. </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Drug-sensitive and resistant tumor cells</span><br />In the investigation of weather dihomo-<span class="highlight" style="background-color:">gamma-linolenic acid</span> (DGLA) and AA, EPA and DHA have cytotoxic action on both vincristine-sensitive (KB-3-1) and resistant (KB-Ch(R)-8-5) cancer cells in vitro, indicated that GLA, DGLA, AA, EPA and DHA enhanced the uptake and decreased efflux in both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cells and augmented the susceptibility of tumor cells especially, of drug-resistant cells to the cytotoxic action of vincristine. These results suggest that certain polyunsaturated fatty acids have tumoricidal action and are capable of enhancing the cytotoxic action of anti-cancer drugs specifically, on drug-resistant cells by enhancing drug uptake and reducing its efflux. Thus, polyunsaturated fatty acids either by themselves or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs have the potential as anti-cancer molecules, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on drug-sensitive and resistant tumor cells in vitro</span>" by Das UN, Madhavi N.(7)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">8. Acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) </span><br />In the assessment of the effect of an enteral diet enriched with eicosapentaenoic <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">acid</span> (EPA), <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">gamma-linolenic acid</span> (GLA), and anti-oxidants on the incidence of organ dysfunction and nosocomial infections in septic patients with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) compared with a standard enteral diet, found that A diet enriched with EPA, GLA, and anti-oxidants does not improve gas exchange or decrease the incidence of novel organ failures in critically ill septic patients with acute lung injury or ARDS. Patients treated with the EPA-GLA diet stayed in the ICU for less time, but we did not find any differences in infectious complications, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Effect of an enteral diet enriched with eicosapentaenoic </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">, </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">gamma-linolenic acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> and anti-oxidants on the outcome of mechanically ventilated, critically ill, septic patients</span>" by Grau-Carmona T, Morán-García V, García-de-Lorenzo A, Heras-de-la-Calle G, Quesada-Bellver B, López-Martínez J, González-Fernández C, Montejo-González JC, Blesa-Malpica A, Albert-Bonamusa I, Bonet-Saris A, Herrero-Meseguer JI, Mesejo A, Acosta J.(8)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">9. Antineoplastic effects </span><br />In the investigation of the effect and the mechanism of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">gamma linolenic acid</span> (GLA) treatment on human hepatocellular (HCC) cell lines, showed that GLA treatment has induced cell growth inhibition, ROS generation including lipid peroxidation, and HO-1 production for antioxidant protection against oxidative stress caused by GLA in Huh7 cells. GLA treatment should be considered as a therapeutic modality in patients with advanced HCC, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Antineoplastic effects of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">gamma linolenic Acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> on hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines</span>' by Itoh S, Taketomi A, Harimoto N, Tsujita E, Rikimaru T, Shirabe K, Shimada M, Maehara Y.(9)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">10. Chronic myelogenous leukemia </span><br />In the testing the apoptotic effect of GLA on human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells,<br />showed that the apoptosis could be inhibited by a pancaspase inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk), suggesting the involvement of caspases. Further, release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP were found in GLA-induced apoptosis.GLA treatment could also elevate lipid peroxidation in K562 cells, and antioxidant alpha-tocopherol could reverse the cytotoxicity of GLA. The saturated fatty <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">acid</span> SA, which did not exhibit significant increase in lipid peroxidation, also did not induce cytotoxicity. Intracellular GSH was also determined, and there was no marked change of GSH levels in cells after incubation with GLA compared with the control. These results demonstrate that GLA could induce apoptosis in K562 cells. Apoptosis is mediated by release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase-3. Lipid peroxidation may play a role in GLA cytotoxicity, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Gamma-linolenic acid</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> induces apoptosis and lipid peroxidation in human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells</span>" by Ge H, Kong X, Shi L, Hou L, Liu Z, Li P.(10)<br /><br />11. Etc.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19887043">(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19887043</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17168669">(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17168669</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19014610">(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19014610</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22333072">(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22333072</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9732298">(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9732298</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22123240">(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22123240</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21917129">(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21917129</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21474219">(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21474219</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664735">(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20664735</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19356705">(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19356705</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-79960661708903991502012-02-18T15:39:00.011-08:002012-04-22T07:04:47.286-07:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 19 Health Benefits of Omega-3, 6,9 Fatty Acids<span style="font-weight: bold;">Omega-3, 6,9 fatty acids</span> are phytochemincals in the class of Lipids, found abundantly in dark-green leafy vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts, etc.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Health Benefits</span><br />
1. <span style="font-weight: bold;">Vascular smooth muscle tone</span><br />
In the investigation of the comparative effects of <span class="highlight">omega-3</span>, omega-6 and omega-9 <span class="highlight">fatty acids</span> on vascular smooth muscle tone, showed that Docosahexaenoic acid (1-255 microM) and eicosapentaenoic acid (31-255 microM) inhibited phenylephrine-induced contractions, (8-63%) and (20-65%), respectively, which were not altered by indomethacin, NDGA, or by removal of the endothelium. Linoleic acid (18:2n6) and arachidonic acid (20:4n6) also induced significant relaxation. Therefore, <span class="highlight">fatty</span> acid-induced relaxation of the rat aorta is specific to polyunsaturated <span class="highlight">fatty acids</span>, 20:5n3, 22:6n3, 18:2n6 and 20:4n6, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Effects of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">omega-3</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">, omega-6 and omega-9 </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">fatty acids</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> on vascular smooth muscle tone</span>" by Engler MB.(1)<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Breast cancer</span><br />
In the review of the literature concerning the role of <span class="highlight">fatty acids</span> and eicosanoid synthesis inhibitors in breast carcinoma, indicated that The omega-6 polyunsaturated <span class="highlight">fatty acids</span> (PUFAs), primarily linoleic acid, promote breast cancer tumorigenesis and tumor cell proliferation directly and indirectly via increased synthesis of cyclooxygenase- and lipoxygenase-catalyzed products. The <span class="highlight">omega-3</span> PUFAs, primarily docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), suppress breast carcinoma tumorigenesis and tumor cell proliferation, although the effect of DHA may be partly ascribed to increased amounts of EPA derived from DHA. Both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors suppress tumorigenesis and/or tumor proliferation, with the latter being more active. Thus, arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids play an important role in breast cancer, and the balance of the various eicosanoids may be a critical determinant of cell proliferation, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">The role of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">fatty acids</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> and eicosanoid synthesis inhibitors in breast carcinoma</span>" by Noguchi M, Rose DP, Earashi M, Miyazaki I.(2)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Regulatory effects</span><br />
In the examination of the effects of individual n-6 (linoleic acid) and n-3 (alpha-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acid) PUFAs on plasma lipid levels and on the major transport processes that determine plasma LDL concentrations, found that Rats were fed a semisynthetic cholesterol-free diet supplemented with 4% (by wt) linoleic, alpha-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, or docosahexaenoic acid for 2 weeks. Dietary eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic <span class="highlight">acids</span> lowered plasma triglyceride concentrations by 62% and 52%, respectively, and lowered plasma cholesterol concentrations by 54% and 43%, respectively. In contrast, dietary linoleic and alpha-linolenic <span class="highlight">acids</span> had relatively little effect on plasma triglyceride or cholesterol concentrations. Dietary eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic <span class="highlight">acids</span> increased hepatic LDL receptor activity by 72% and 58%, respectively, and reduced the rate of LDL cholesterol entry into plasma by 36% and 30%, respectively, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Regulatory effects of individual n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">fatty acids</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> on LDL transport in the rat</span>" by Spady DK.(3)<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Systolic blood pressure, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol </span><br />
In the ccomparison of the cardiovascular risk-reduction potential of three major polyunsaturated <span class="highlight">fatty acids</span> in a double-blind study. showed that for the diet supplemented with EPA plus DHA compared with the linoleic acid diet systolic blood pressure fell 5.1 mm Hg (p = 0.01); plasma triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol fell by 39% (p = 0.001) and 49% (p = 0.01), respectively; and LDL cholesterol rose by 9% (p = 0.01). There were no significant changes with the diet supplemented with alpha-linolenic acid. The net effect on cardiovascular risk therefore is complex and the systolic blood pressure reduction was substantial, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">n-3 </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">fatty acids</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> of marine origin lower systolic blood pressure and triglycerides but raise LDL cholesterol compared with n-3 and n-6 </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">fatty acids</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> from plants</span>" by Kestin M, Clifton P, Belling GB, Nestel PJ.(4)<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Cardiovascular effects</span><br />
In the comparison of the effects of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3n-3) to those of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy elderly subjects, found that Both n-3 <span class="highlight">fatty</span> acid diets did not change concentrations of total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol and apoA-1 when compared with the oleic acid-rich diet. However, after the EPA/DHA-rich diet, LDL-cholesterol increased by 0.39 mmol/l (P = 0.0323, 95% CI (0.030, 0.780 mmol/l)) when compared with the ALA-rich diet. Intake of EPA/DHA also increased apoB concentrations by 14 mg/dl (P = 0.0031, 95% CI (4, 23 mg/dl)) and 12 mg/dl (P = 0.005, 95% CI (3, 21 mg/dl)) versus the oleic acid and ALA-rich diet, respectively. Except for an EPA/DHA-induced increase in tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) of 14.6% (P = 0.0184 versus ALA diet, 95% CI (1.5, 18.3%)), changes in markers of hemostasis and endothelial integrity did not reach statistical significance following consumption of the two n-3 <span class="highlight">fatty</span> acid diets, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Effects of alpha-linolenic acid versus those of EPA/DHA on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy elderly subjects</span>" by Goyens PL, Mensink RP.(5)<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">6. Cognitive effects</span><br />
In the assessment of the cognitive effects of fish oil supplementation at college age, hypothesizing benefits on affect, executive control, inhibition, and verbal learning and memory. College-aged participants, indicated that the benefits of n-3 PUFA on RAVLT performance derived more from depreciated placebo performance than improved performance due to fish oil. The placebo gain on TMT performance likely derived from a learning effect. Together, these results present limited cognitive benefits of n-3 PUFA at college age; however, the treatment may have been subtherapeutic, with a larger sample needed to generalize these results, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Omega-3</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> polyunsaturated </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">fatty acids</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> and cognition in a college-aged population</span>" by Karr JE, Grindstaff TR, Alexander JE.(6)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">7. Depression-related cognition</span><br />
In the investigation of the effects of n-3 PUFA on depression-relevant cognitive functioning in healthy individuals, found that The n-3 PUFA group made fewer risk-averse decisions than the placebo group. This difference appeared only in non-normative trials of the decision-making test, and was not accompanied by increased impulsiveness. N-3 PUFAs improved scores on the control/perfectionism scale of the cognitive reactivity measure. No effects were found on the other cognitive tasks and no consistent effects on mood were observed. The present findings indicate that n-3 PUFA supplementation may have a selective effect on risky decision making in healthy volunteers, which is unrelated to impulsiveness, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Omega-3 fatty acids</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> (fish-oil) and depression-related cognition in healthy volunteers</span>" by Antypa N, Van der Does AJ, Smelt AH, Rogers RD.(7)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">8. Mental illness</span><br />
In the review of the double blind placebo controlled clinical trials published prior to April 2007 to determine whether <span class="highlight">omega-3</span> PUFA are likely to be efficacious in these psychiatric disorders, found that for schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder we found little evidence of a robust clinically relevant effect. In the case of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and related disorders, most trials showed at most small benefits over placebo. A limited meta-analysis of these trials suggested that benefits of <span class="highlight">omega-3</span> PUFA supplementation may be greater in a classroom setting than at home. Some evidence indicates that <span class="highlight">omega-3</span> PUFA may reduce symptoms of anxiety although the data is preliminary and inconclusive. The most convincing evidence for beneficial effects of <span class="highlight">omega-3</span> PUFA is to be found in mood disorders. A meta-analysis of trials involving patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder provided evidence that <span class="highlight">omega-3</span> PUFA supplementation reduces symptoms of depression. Furthermore, meta-regression analysis suggests that supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid may be more beneficial in mood disorders than with docosahexaenoic acid, although several confounding factors prevented a definitive conclusion being made regarding which species of <span class="highlight">omega-3</span> PUFA is most beneficial, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Omega-3 fatty acids</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> as treatments for mental illness: which disorder and which </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">fatty</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> acid</span>?" by Ross BM, Seguin J, Sieswerda LE.(8)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">9. Antioxidant, antimicrobial activities</span><br />
In the investigation of the hexane extract from different parts in several Hypericum species, found that The antioxidant activity of all hexane extracts was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The results indicate that hexane extracts from different parts of H. scabrum possess considerable antioxidant activity. The highest radical scavenging activity was detected in seed, which had an IC50 = 165 microg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts of those samples were determined against seven Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae), as well as three fungi (Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus niger), according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Antioxidant, antimicrobial activities and </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">fatty</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> acid components of flower, leaf, stem and seed of Hypericum scabrum</span>" by Shafaghat A.(9)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">10. Post-partum depression PPD</span><br />
In the investigation of the effect of unbalanced dietary intake of omega-6/<span class="highlight">omega-3</span> ratio >9:1 in the prevalence for PPD, comprising a prospective cohort with four waves of follow-up during pregnancy and one following delivery. PPD was evaluated according to the Edinburgh Post-partum Depression Scale (PPD ≥ 11) in 106 puerperae between 2005 and 2007, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Independent variables included socio-demographic, obstetric, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and dietary intake data, which were obtained by means of a food frequency questionnaire in the first trimester of pregnancy, verified that an association between omega-6/<span class="highlight">omega-3</span> ratio above 9:1, the levels recommended by the Institute of Medicine, and the prevalence of PPD. These results add to the evidence regarding the importance of omega-6 and <span class="highlight">omega-3 fatty acids</span> in the regulation of mental health mechanisms, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">High dietary ratio of omega-6 to </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">omega-3</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> polyunsaturated </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">acids</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> during pregnancy and prevalence of post-partum depression</span>" by da Rocha CM, Kac G.(10)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">11. Relieving inflammation</span><br />
In the evaluation of the effects of lymphatic drainage and <span class="highlight">omega-3</span> polyunsaturated <span class="highlight">fatty</span> acid (omega-3PUFA) on high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), inflammatory cytokines and endotoxin in rats with intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, found that Lymphatic drainage may reduce the levels of endotoxin, inflammatory cytokines and HMGB1 so as to alleviate the intestinal I/R injury. The intervention of omega-3PUFA has some protective effect through relieving inflammation, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">[Effects of lymphatic drainage and </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">omega-3</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> polyunsaturated </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">fatty acids</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats].[Article in Chinese]</span>" by Zhou KG, He GZ, Zhang R, Chen XF.(11)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">12. Suppression of inflammatory</span><br />
In the determination of whether salmon (rich in n-3 LCPUFAs) consumption twice a week during pregnancy affected offspring umbilical vein EC CAM expression, showed that increased dietary salmon intake in pregnancy dampens offspring EC activation, which implicates a role for n-3 LCPUFAs in the suppression of inflammatory processes in humans. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00801502, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Salmon consumption by pregnant women reduces ex vivo umbilical cord endothelial cell activation</span>" by van den Elsen LW, Noakes PS, van der Maarel MA, Kremmyda LS, Vlachava M, Diaper ND, Miles EA, Eussen SR, Garssen J, Willemsen LE, Wilson SJ, Godfrey KM, Calder PC.(12)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">13. Neonatal immune responses</span><br />
In thye assessment of whether an increased intake of oily fish in pregnancy modifies neonatal immune responses and early markers of atopy, showed that Oily fish intervention in pregnancy modifies neonatal immune responses but may not affect markers of infant atopy assessed at 6 mo of age, according to "Increased intake of oily fish in pregnancy: effects on neonatal immune responses and on clinical outcomes in infants at 6 mo" by Noakes PS, Vlachava M, Kremmyda LS, Diaper ND, Miles EA, Erlewyn-Lajeunesse M, Williams AP, Godfrey KM, Calder PC.(13)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">14. Allergic disease</span><br />
In the study of the effects of maternal n-3 (PUFA)-rich fish oil supplementation on cord blood (CB) IgE and cytokine levels in neonates at risk of developing allergic disease, found that increasing neonatal n-3 PUFA levels with maternal dietary supplementation can achieve subtle modification of neonatal cytokine levels. Further assessment of immune function and clinical follow-up of these infants will help determine if there are any significant effects on postnatal immune development and expression of allergic disease, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;"> Maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy reduces interleukin-13 levels in cord blood of infants at high risk of atopy</span>' <span style="text-decoration: underline;">by </span>Dunstan JA, Mori TA, Barden A, Beilin LJ, Taylor AL, Holt PG, Prescott SL.(14)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">15. Mucosal immune function</span><br />
In the evaluation of if changes in breast milk <span class="highlight">omega-3</span> polyunsaturated <span class="highlight">fatty</span> acid (n-3 PUFA) composition as a result of maternal dietary fish oil supplementation during pregnancy can modify levels of these immunological parameters in breast milk, found that Supplementation with fish oil during pregnancy significantly alters early post-partum breast milk <span class="highlight">fatty</span> acid composition. <span class="highlight">omega-3</span> PUFA levels were positively associated with IgA and sCD14 levels, suggesting a relationship between <span class="highlight">fatty</span> acid status and mucosal immune function, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">The effect of supplementation with fish oil during pregnancy on breast milk immunoglobulin A, soluble CD14, cytokine levels and </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">fatty</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> acid composition</span>" by Dunstan JA, Roper J, Mitoulas L, Hartmann PE, Simmer K, Prescott SL.(15)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">16. Ventricular arrhythmias and myocardial infarction</span><br />
In the investigation of the effectiveness of prescription medication containing 90% <span class="highlight">omega-3</span> polyunsaturated <span class="highlight">fatty acids</span> for 6 months on ventricular arrhythmias in patients with myocardial infarction less than a year ago, found that Administration of highly concentration preparation of <span class="highlight">omega-3</span> PUFAs for 3 months reduced number of PVCs per day, frequencies of grades 2, 3, 4A, 4B, and high grade PVCs (grades 3 - 5) as a whole. These effects persisted after 6 months of treatment, according to "[Possibilities of a preparation <span class="highlight">omega-3</span> polyunsaturated <span class="highlight">fatty acids</span> in the treatment of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and myocardial infarction].[Article in Russian]" by<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Gogolashvili%20NG%22%5BAuthor%5D"> </a>Gogolashvili NG, Litvinenko MV, Pochikaeva TN, Vavitova ES, Polikarpov LS, Novgorodtseva NIa.(16)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">17. Health effects </span><br />
In the investigation of the health effects of Perilla frutescens seeds, a good source of polyunsaturated <span class="highlight">fatty acids</span> (PUFAs), showed that in comparing to other plant oils, perilla seed oil consistently contains the one of the highest proportion of <span class="highlight">omega-3</span> (ALA) <span class="highlight">fatty acids</span>, at 54-64%. The omega-6 (linoleic acid) component is usually around 14% and omega-9 (Oleic acid) is also present in perilla oil. These polyunsaturated <span class="highlight">fatty acids</span> are most beneficial to human health and in prevention of different diseases like <span style="font-weight: bold;">cardiovascular disorders, cancer, inflammatory, rheumatoid arthritis</span> etc., according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Health effects of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">omega-3</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">,6,9 </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">fatty acids</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">: Perilla frutescens is a good example of plant oils</span>" by Asif M.(17)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">18. Obesity</span><br />
in the determination of whether obesity modifies the association between plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated <span class="highlight">fatty acids</span> (PUFAs) and markers of inflammation and endothelial activation in Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants, found that the modifying effect of obesity on the association of plasma PUFAs with IL-6 and sICAM-1 suggests differences in <span class="highlight">fatty</span> acid metabolism and may also have implications in dietary <span class="highlight">fatty</span> acid intake for obese individuals, particularly for linoleic and EPAs. Further study is warranted to confirm and explain the strong associations of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) with inflammatory and endothelial activation markers, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Obesity modifies the association between plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">fatty acids</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> and markers of inflammation: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</span>" by Steffen BT, Steffen LM, Tracy R, Siscovick D, Hanson NQ, Nettleton J, Tsai MY.(18)<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">19. Crohn's disease</span> (CD)<br />
In the investigation of the effects of a nutritionally balanced inflammatory bowel disease nutrition formula (IBDNF) on nutrition status in CD patients, indicate that twenty patients completed the final visit. After 4 months, there was a significant decrease in plasma phospholipid levels of arachidonic acid with increases in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid. Ten patients had a final EPA concentration of >2%. There was improvement in fat-free and fat mass in patients with final EPA >2% (P = .014 and P = .05). Vitamin D (25-OH) levels improved in all patients (18.5-25.9 ng/mL, P < .001). Those with EPA >2% had significantly lower CDAI (116 ± 94.5 vs 261.8 ± 86.5; P = .005) and higher IBDQ (179.1 ± 26.6 vs 114.6 ± 35.9, P < .001) compared to those with EPA <2%, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">The effects of an oral supplement enriched with fish oil, prebiotics, and antioxidants on nutrition status in Crohn's disease patients</span>" by Wiese DM, Lashner BA, Lerner E, DeMichele SJ, Seidner DL.(19)<br />
<br />
20. Etc.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1396998">(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1396998</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7777237">(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7777237</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8105015">(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8105015</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1971991">(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1971991</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16482073">(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16482073</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22250656">(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22250656</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18583436">(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18583436</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17877810">(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17877810</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22224301">(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22224301</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22136220">(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22136220</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093738">(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093738</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22011457">(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22011457</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22218160">(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22218160</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12680858">(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12680858</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15298564">(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15298564</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21942955">(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21942955</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21909287">(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21909287</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21829163">(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21829163</a><br />
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775642">(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775642</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4141844746272958878.post-70496988138934858472012-02-18T15:39:00.005-08:002012-03-04T19:09:30.825-08:00Phytochemicals in Foods - 11 Health Benefits of Tocopherols<span style="font-weight: bold;">Tocopherol</span>s are phytochemincals of which many have vitamin E activity, belonging to the group of Lipids, found abundantly in butter, egg yolk, milk fat, some vegetable and seed or nut oils, etc.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Health benefits</span><br style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic activities</span><br />In the examination of the inhibition of inflammation as well as of cancer formation and growth in the lung and colon in animal models., using a tocopherol mixture that is rich in gamma-T (gamma-TmT, which contains 57%gamma-T), found that when given in the diet at 0.3%, gamma-TmT inhibited chemically induced lung tumorigenesis in the A/J mice as well as the growth of human lung cancer cell H1299 xenograft tumors. gamma-TmT also decreased the levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, gamma-H2AX, and nitrotyrosine in tumors. More evident anti-inflammatory and cancer preventive activities of dietary gamma-TmT were demonstrated in mice treated with azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium. These results demonstrate the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic activities of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">tocopherols</span>, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Inhibition of inflammation and carcinogenesis in the lung and colon by </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">tocopherols</span>" by Yang CS, Lu G, Ju J, Li GX.(1)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Cancer prevention</span><br />In the study of <span style="font-weight: bold;">the </span>cancer-preventive activities of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">tocopherols</span> and tocotrienols, indicated that a gamma-tocopherol-rich mixture of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">tocopherols</span> inhibits colon, prostate, mammary and lung tumorigenesis in animal models, suggesting that this mixture may have a high potential for applications in the prevention of human cancer. In this review, we discuss biochemical properties of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">tocopherols</span>, results of possible cancer-preventive effects in humans and animal models and possible mechanisms involved in the inhibition of carcinogenesis. Based on this information, we propose that a gamma-tocopherol-rich mixture of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">tocopherols</span> is a very promising cancer-preventive agent and warrants extensive future research, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Cancer-preventive activities of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">tocopherols</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> and tocotrienols</span>" by Ju J, Picinich SC, Yang Z, Zhao Y, Suh N, Kong AN, Yang CS.(2)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Bone formation</span><br />In the investigation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, the two predominant isomers of vitamin E and their effects on bone metabolism, found that gamma-tocopherol may uncouple bone turnover, resulting in more bone formation than resorption. Vitamin E supplements in the form of alpha-tocopherol suppress serum gamma-tocopherol levels and may have negative effects on bone formation. Further research is needed to investigate the potential anabolic effect of gamma-tocopherol from food sources on bone, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Effects of vitamin E on bone turnover markers among US postmenopausal women</span>" by Hamidi MS, Corey PN, Cheung AM.(3)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Liver fibrosis</span><br />In the study of<span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of tocopherol and tocol on activated hepatic stellate cells, found that significant cell detachment was also observed in δ-tocopherol- and tocol-treated HSCs. Decreased protein expressions of α-smooth muscle actin and β1 integrin were observed in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that δ-tocopherol and tocol induce anoikis in activated HSCs, accordin g to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of tocopherol and tocol on activated hepatic stellate cells</span>" by Yamaguchi N, Mezaki Y, Miura M, Imai K, Morii M, Hebiguchi T, Yoshikawa K.(4)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">5. Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities</span><br />In the determination of the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">tocopherols</span>, sterols, glucosinolate and phenolic content in extracts, found that all examined extracts were prominently rich in phenolics and glucosinates, and they showed potent antidiabetic and antihemolytic activity. The present study could be helpful in developing medicinal preparations for the treatment of diabetes and related symptoms, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Compositional Studies: Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew</span>" by Zia-Ul-Haq M, Cavar S, Qayum M, Imran I, de Feo V.(5)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">6. Breast cancer</span><br />in the investigation of the breast cancer effect of vitamin E, consisting od eight different variants: α-, β-, γ-, and δ-<span class="highlight" style="background-color:">tocopherols</span> (saturated phytyl tail) and α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocotrienols (unsaturated phytyl tail), indicated that , γ-tocopherol, and more recently δ-tocopherol, have shown greater ability to reduce inflammation, cell proliferation, and tumor burden. Recent results have shown that γ-enriched mixed <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">tocopherols</span> inhibit the development of mammary hyperplasia and tumorigenesis in animal models, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Chemopreventive Activity of Vitamin E in Breast Cancer: A Focus on γ- and δ-Tocopherol</span>" by Smolarek AK, Suh N.(6)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">7. Colon cancer</span><br />In the investigation of the effects of both alpha and gamma tocopherol on the expression of PPARgamma mRNA and protein in SW 480 colon cancer cell lines and measurement of the intracellular concentrations of vitamin E in SW 480 colon cancer cell lines, found that both alpha and gamma tocopherol can upregulate the expression of PPARgamma which is considered an important molecular target for colon cancer chemoprevention, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Gamma (gamma) tocopherol upregulates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) gamma (gamma) expression in SW 480 human colon cancer cell lines</span>" by Campbell SE, Stone WL, Whaley SG, Qui M, Krishnan K.(7)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">8. Antioxidant defense</span><br />in the study of salmon, a rich source of marine n-3 fatty acids, which may increase oxidative stress and, in turn, and its affect the antioxidant defense system in blood plasma and erythrocytes of pregnant women, found that besides, a concomitant increase in selenium and glutathione concentration as well as glutathione peroxidase and reductase activities were detected as pregnancy progressed. However, <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">tocopherols</span>, retinol, β-carotene, and coenzyme Q(10) decreased in late pregnancy. Collectively, our findings lead to the hypothesis that increased farmed salmon intake may increase antioxidant defenses during pregnancy, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">Does Consumption of Two Portions of Salmon Per Week Enhance the Antioxidant Defense System in Pregnant Women?</span>" by García-Rodríguez CE, D Mesa M, Olza J, Vlachava M, Kremmyda LS, Diaper ND, Noakes PS, Miles EA, Ramírez-Tortosa MC, Liaset B, Frøyland L, Rossary A, Farges MC, Vasson MP, Aguilera CM, Helmersson-Karlqvist J, Godfrey KM, Calder PC, Basu S, Gil A.(8)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">9. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities</span><br />In the investigation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">tocopherols</span> in mice and determination of whether the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is involved in these activities, indicated that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of γ-TmT in the colon are mostly due to the direct action of <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">tocopherols</span> in trapping reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, independent of the antioxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory proteins that are regulated by Nrf2; however, Nrf2 knockout appears to affect the serum levels of tocopherol metabolites, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of </span><span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">tocopherols</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> are independent of Nrf2 in mice</span>" by Li G, Lee MJ, Liu AB, Yang Z, Lin Y, Shih WJ, Yang CS.(9)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">10. Cognitive effects</span><br />In the examination of the relation of all plasma vitamin E forms and markers of vitamin E damage (α-tocopherylquinone, 5-nitro-γ-tocopherol) to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Within the AddNeuroMed-Project, plasma <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">tocopherols</span>, tocotrienols, α-tocopherylquinone, and 5-nitro-γ-tocopherol were assessed in 168 AD cases, 166 MCI, and 187 cognitively normal (CN) people, found that compared with cognitively normal subjects, AD and MCI had lower levels of total <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">tocopherols</span>, total tocotrienols, and total vitamin E. In multivariable-polytomous-logistic regression analysis, both MCI and AD cases had 85% lower odds to be in the highest tertile of total <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">tocopherols</span> and total vitamin E, and they were, respectively, 92% and 94% less likely to be in the highest tertile of total tocotrienols than the lowest tertile. Further, both disorders were associated with increased vitamin E damage. Low plasma <span class="highlight" style="background-color:">tocopherols</span> and tocotrienols levels are associated with increased odds of MCI and AD, according to "<span class="highlight" style="font-weight: bold;">Tocopherols</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> and tocotrienols plasma levels are associated with cognitive impairmen</span>t" by Mangialasche F, Xu W, Kivipelto M, Costanzi E, Ercolani S, Pigliautile M, Cecchetti R, Baglioni M, Simmons A, Soininen H, Tsolaki M, Kloszewska I, Vellas B, Lovestone S, Mecocci P; AddNeuroMed Consortium.(10)<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">11. Renal effects</span><br />In the examination of whether γ-tocotrienol (GT3) protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and renal proximal tubular cell (RPTC) injury caused by oxidants, showed that report demonstrating the protective effects of GT3 against RPTC injury by: 1) decreasing production of ROS, 2) improving mitochondrial respiration, coupling, ΔΨ(m), and F₀F₁-ATPase function, 3) maintaining ATP levels, and 4) preventing RPTC lysis. Our data suggest that GT3 is superior to AT in protecting RPTCs against oxidant injury and may prove therapeutically valuable for preventing renal injury associated with oxidative stress, according to "<span style="font-weight: bold;">γ-Tocotrienol protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and renal cell death</span>" by<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Nowak%20G%22%5BAuthor%5D"> </a>Nowak G, Bakajsova D, Hayes C, Hauer-Jensen M, Compadre CM.(11)<br /><br />12. Etc.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sources</span><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20716280">(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20716280</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19748925">(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19748925</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22308007">(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22308007</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22293208">(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22293208</a><br /><a href="http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/12/12/8846/">(5) http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/12/12/8846/</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22254089">(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22254089</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14521714">(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14521714</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22229304">(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22229304</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22226829">(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22226829</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192241">(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22192241</a><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22040679">(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22040679</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0