Phytochemicals in Foods

Thursday, December 1, 2011

Phytochemicals - 10 Health Benefits of Malvidin

Malvidin is an anthocyanins (flavonals), in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in bilberry, blueberry, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Antiradical properties
In the investigation of after reaction with O(2)(•-) radicals using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Two portisins derived from malvidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-glucoside were used for this study, indicated that interpretations were confirmed by comparison with the spectra of free radicals formed by oxidation of the model compounds cyanidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, and catechin. These results concur with previous work reporting the higher antiradical properties of these pigments compared to their anthocyanin precursors, according to "Antiradical properties of red wine portisins" by Pirker KF, Oliveira J, de Freitas V, Goodman BA, Mateus N.(1)

2. Antioxidants
In the determination of the hydroxyl and superoxide anion scavenging activities of anthocyanins and their pyruvic acid adducts by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and spin trapping,
found that the 3-glucosides of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, pelargonidin and malvidin, and the pyruvic adduct of the 3-glucoside of delphinidin exhibited a potent superoxide anion radical scavenging and, to a lesser extent hydroxyl anion radical scavenging activity. The pyranoanthocyanins of cyanidin, petunidin, malvidin and pelargonidin showed a high capacity to scavenge superoxide anion radicals but did not scavenge hydroxyl radicals, according to "Electron spin resonance spectroscopy studies on the free radical scavenging activity of wine anthocyanins and pyranoanthocyanins" by Garcia-Alonso M, Rimbach G, Sasai M, Nakahara M, Matsugo S, Uchida Y, Rivas-Gonzalo JC, De Pascual-Teresa S.(2)

3. Anti colon and liver cancer
In the identification of the antioxidant extracts from 5 potato lines were evaluated for antioxidant activity, total phenolics, chlorogenic acid, anthocyanin content, and in vitro anticancer capacity, found that a significant difference in inhibition of cancer cells (P < 0.01) existed between the 3 polyphenols: chlorogenic acid, pelargonidin chloride, and malvidin chloride, suggesting that chlorogenic acid was a critical factor in the antiproliferation of colon cancer and liver cancer cells, according to "Inhibitory effect of antioxidant extracts from various potatoes on the proliferation of human colon and liver cancer cells" by

Wang Q, Chen Q, He M, Mir P, Su J, Yang Q.(3)

4. Estrogen-like effects
In the investigation of the effects of non-alcoholic wine fractions from five different wines on the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) via the expression and enzymatic activation of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in human endothelial cells, found that all wine extracts maximally enhanced NO production at doses in the range achieved with a moderate wine intake, with decreasing effects with further increases of the dose. Interestingly, a part of these actions was recruited via estrogen receptors (ERs). Within the polyphenols with known binding activity for ERs contained in the tested wines, resveratrol, epicatechin, syringic acid, apigenin, malvidin and ellagic acid were largely responsible for eNOS activation. These findings show that some of the non-alcoholic components of wine enhance the production of NO by the vessels acting on ERs, and suggest that a moderate intake of wine may benefit the cardiovascular system through estrogen-like effects, according to "Estrogen-like effects of wine extracts on nitric oxide synthesis in human endothelial cells" by

Simoncini T, Lenzi E, Zöchling A, Gopal S, Goglia L, Russo E, Polak K, Casarosa E, Jungbauer A, Genazzani AD, Genazzani AR.(4)

5. Cardiovascular diseases
In the investigation of the connection between Vaccinium myrtillus and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with the main anthocyanidins combined in myrtillin chloride and separately in cyanidin, delphinidin, and malvidin, respectively and their effects on ACE, found that After 10 min of incubation with bilberry 25E, a significant, dose-dependent inhibition of ACE activity was seen, and after incubation with myrtillin chloride a significant inhibition was seen. No effect was seen with the anthocyanidins. The effect seems to be dependent on this specific mixture of anthocyanins in the bilberry. V. myrtillus may thus have the potential to prevent and protect against cardiovascular diseases, according to "Effect of Vaccinium myrtillus and its polyphenols on angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in human endothelial cells" by Persson IA, Persson K, Andersson RG.(5)

6. Leukemia
In the examination of ethanol extracts of 10 edible berries, bilberry extract and theirs effect in inhibition of the growth of HL60 human leukemia cells and HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells in vitro, found that Of the extracts tested, that from bilberry contained the largest amounts of phenolic compounds, including anthocyanins, and showed the greatest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Pure delphinidin and malvidin, like the glycosides isolated from the bilberry extract, induced apoptosis in HL60 cells, according to "Induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and the anthocyanins" by Katsube N, Iwashita K, Tsushida T, Yamaki K, Kobori M.(6)

7. Neuroprotective effects
in the determination of whether a Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) anthocyanoside (VMA) and/or its main anthocyanidin constituents (cyanidin, delphinidin, and malvidin) can protect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) against retinal damage in vitro and in vivo, found that VMA and all three anthocyanidins (i) significantly inhibited SIN-1-induced neurotoxicity and radical activation in RGC-5, (ii) concentration-dependently inhibited lipid peroxidation in mouse forebrain homogenates. Intravitreously injected VMA significantly inhibited the NMDA-induced morphological retinal damage and increase in TUNEL-positive cells in the ganglion cell layer. Thus, VMA and its anthocyanidins have neuroprotective effects (exerted at least in part via an anti-oxidation mechanism) in these in vitro and in vivo models of retinal diseases, according to "Bilberry and its main constituents have neuroprotective effects against retinal neuronal damage in vitro and in vivo" by Matsunaga N, Imai S, Inokuchi Y, Shimazawa M, Yokota S, Araki Y, Hara H.(7)

8. Skin photoaging
In the investigation of the capacity of anthocyanin-rich extract from bog blueberry (ATH-BBe) to inhibit photoaging in UV-B-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts, found that ATH-BBe dampens UV-B-triggered collagen destruction and inflammatory responses through modulating NF-kappaB-responsive and MAPK-dependent pathways. Therefore, anthocyanins from edible bog blueberry may be protective against UV-induced skin photoaging, according to "Bog blueberry anthocyanins alleviate photoaging in ultraviolet-B irradiation-induced human dermal fibroblasts" by Bae JY, Lim SS, Kim SJ, Choi JS, Park J, Ju SM, Han SJ, Kang IJ, Kang YH.(8)

9. Gastric adenocarcinoma
In the investigation of the mechanistic basis for the anti-tumor properties of anthocyanins, five aglycone (cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin) and four glycosylated (cyanidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside) anthocyanins and their effects on cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis in human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells, found that . The occurrence of apoptosis induced by malvidin was confirmed by morphological and biochemical features, including apoptotic bodies formation, caspase-3 activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis. Furthermore, the mitochondrial membrane potential of apoptotic cells after treatment with malvidin was significantly lost and resulted in the elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio for 1.6-fold against control for 100 microM treatment. In addition, the malvidin treatment significantly increased the p38 kinase expression and inhibited the ERK activity, and the effects of malvidin on caspase-3 activation were blocked, respectively, by the ERK and p38 inhibitors, according to "Effects of anthocyanidin on the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells" by Shih PH, Yeh CT, Yen GC(9)

10. Insulin secretion
In the determination of the ability of anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-glucoside (1), delphinidin-3-glucoside (2), cyanidin-3-galactoside (3), and pelargonidin-3-galactoside (4), and anthocyanidins, cyanidin (5), delphinidin (6), pelargonidin (7), malvidin (8), and petunidin (9), in stimulating insulin secretion from rodent pancreatic beta-cells (INS-1 832/13) in vitro, found that 1 and 2 were the most effective insulin secretagogues among the anthocyanins and anthocyanidins tested at 4 and 10 mM glucose concentrations. Pelargonidin-3-galactoside is one of the major anthocyanins, and its aglycone, pelargonidin, caused a 1.4-fold increase in insulin secretion at 4 mM glucose concentration. The rest of the anthocyanins and anthocyanidins tested in our assay had only marginal effects on insulin at 4 and 10 mM glucose concentrations, according to "Insulin secretion by bioactive anthocyanins and anthocyanidins present in fruits" by Jayaprakasam B, Vareed SK, Olson LK, Nair MG.(10)

11. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21973100
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16254886
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21888504
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21839593
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19441816
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12502387
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19415665
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19199288
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15964118
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15631504

Phytochemicals - 12 Health Benefits of Delphinidin

Delphinidin is an anthocyanins (flavonals), in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in bilberry, blueberry, eggplant, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Colon cancer
In the testing whether anthocyanidins exerted cytotoxicity in primary (Caco-2) and metastatic (LoVo and LoVo/ADR) colorectal cancer cell lines, found that Both cyanidin and delphinidin, though neither pelargonidin nor malvidin, were cytotoxic in metastatic cells only. The cell line most sensitive to anthocyanidins was the drug-resistant LoVo/ADR. There, cellular ROS accumulation, inhibition of glutathione reductase, and depletion of glutathione could be observed, according to "Oxidative stress-based cytotoxicity of delphinidin and cyanidin in colon cancer cells" by Cvorovic J, Tramer F, Granzotto M, Candussio L, Decorti G, Passamonti S.(1)

2. Antifibrotic activity
In the investigation of the hepatoprotective effects of anthocyanidin delphinidin in carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced liver fibrosis in mice, found that delphinidin has successfully attenuated oxidative stress, increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 and metallothionein I/II expression and restored hepatic architecture. Furthermore, the overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta1 has been withdrawn by delphinidin. Concomitantly, the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin indicated returning of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) into inactive state. Our results suggest the therapeutic effects of delphinidin in CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis by promoting extracellular matrix degradation, according to "Antifibrotic activity of anthocyanidin delphinidin in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice" by Domitrović R, Jakovac H.(2)

3. Angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE)
In the calssification of the isolated constituents which areresponsible of the ACE activity of the aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa, found that the anthocyanins delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside (1) and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside (2) were isolated by bioassay-guided purification. These compounds showed IC(50) values (84.5 and 68.4 microg/mL, respectively), which are similar to those obtained by related flavonoid glycosides. Kinetic determinations suggested that these compounds inhibit the enzyme activity by competing with the substrate for the active site, according to "Inhibition of angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE) activity by the anthocyanins delphinidin- and cyanidin-3-O-sambubiosides from Hibiscus sabdariffa" by Ojeda D, Jiménez-Ferrer E, Zamilpa A, Herrera-Arellano A, Tortoriello J, Alvarez L.(3)

4. Breast cancer
In the investigation of in vitro biological effects of delphinidin on established breast cancer cell lines of varying molecular subtypes in comparison to non-transformed breast epithelial cells, found that single agent delphinidin exhibits growth inhibitory activity in breast cancer cells of various molecular subtypes, but raise concerns regarding potential drug antagonism when used in combination with existing targeted therapies in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer., according to "Delphinidin Inhibits HER2 and Erk1/2 Signaling and Suppresses Growth of HER2-Overexpressing and Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines" by Ozbay T, Nahta R.(4)

5. Antioxidants
In the determination of Antioxidant activity-guided fractionation based on three in vitro antioxidant assays (Folin-Ciocalteu, TEAC, and leucomethylene blue assays) was used to identify major antioxidants in blue wheat (UC66049 Triticum aestivum L.), found that after consecutive extractions with solvents of various polarities and multiple chromatographic fractionations, several potent antioxidants were identified by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Anthocyanins (delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-rutinoside), tryptophan, and a novel phenolic trisaccharide (β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside) were the most active water-extractable constituents, according to "Antioxidant Activity-Guided Fractionation of Blue Wheat (UC66049 Triticum aestivum L.)" by Tyl CE, Bunzel M.(5)

6. Skin photoprotection and prevention of photocarcinogenesis
indicated that the impact of polyphenols on human health based on their structure-activity relationship and bioavailability. We then discussed in detail the photoprotective effects of some selected polyphenols on UV-induced skin inflammation, proliferation, immunosuppression, DNA damage and dysregulation of important cellular signaling pathways and their implications in skin cancer management. The selected polyphenols include: green tea polyphenols, pomegranate fruit extract, grape seed proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, silymarin, genistein and delphinidin. The new information on the mechanisms of action of these polyphenols supports their potential use in skin photoprotection and prevention of photocarcinogenesis in humans, according to "Polyphenols: Skin Photoprotection and Inhibition of Photocarcinogenesis" by Afaq F, Katiyar SK.(6)

7. Cytoprotective actions
In the evaluation of the potential mechanisms responsible for the cytoprotective actions of three common anthocyanins, namely cyanidin- delphinidin- and pelargonidin-3-glucoside, in dicated thet Beyond their antioxidant properties, all these flavonoids, possessing either catecholic or monophenolic structures, were able to counteract peroxynitrite-induced apoptotic effects in endothelial cells through the inhibition of several crucial signaling cascades. Actually, pre-incubation of cells with 25 μM anthocyanins prevented them from peroxynitrite-mediated apoptosis, which was evaluated by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspases-9 and-3 activation, the increase in cytoplasmatic Bax levels and the inactivation of the PI3 K/Akt pathway, according to "Dietary anthocyanins protect endothelial cells against peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and Bax nuclear translocation: an in vitro approach" by Paixão J, Dinis TC, Almeida LM.(7)

8. Diuretic effect
In the evaluation of the diuretic activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extract on in vivo and in situ models, found that The yield of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extraction was 28.3% and the chemical standardization from 1g of extract was: 56.5mg delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside, 20.8mg/g cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside, 3.2mg/g quercetin, 2.1mg/g rutin and 2.7mg/g chlorogenic acid. The diuretic and natriuretic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extract showed a dose-dependent behavior. The pharmacological constants of natriuretic effect was ED50=86mg/kg and Emax=0.9mEq/100g/5h. In the model of kidney in situ was observed that renal filtration increased 48% with the aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa and an additive effect when was perfuse with furosemide, according to "Pharmacological characterization of the diuretic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn (Malvaceae) extract" by Alarcón-Alonso J, Zamilpa A, Aguilar FA, Herrera-Ruiz M, Tortoriello J, Jimenez-Ferrer E(8)

9. Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Cultured Endothelial Cells
In the demonstration of oLDL increased the generation of intracellular NADPH-dependent superoxide and impaired redox status in cultured porcine aortic EC (PAEC), found that treatment with oLDL significantly increased the abundances of NADPH oxidase (NOX)2, NOX4 and p22phox in PAEC. OLDL reduced cell viability and the protein content of B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, but increased the content of caspase 3 in PAEC. Co-treatment with D3G prevented oLDL-induced increases in intracellular superoxide, the protein content of NOX2, NOX4, p22phox or caspase 3, inhibited the impairment of redox statues or cell viability, and prevented the attenuation of mitochondrial enzyme activities, the reductions of Bcl-2, ND1 or cytochrome b contents in PAEC, according to "Influence of Delphinidin-3-Glucoside on Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein- Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Cultured Endothelial Cells" by Xie X, Zhao R, Shen GX.(9)

10. Anti inflammatory effects
In the identification of a novel HATi in Punica granatum L. known as delphinidin (DP). DP did not affect the activity of other epigenetic enzymes (histone deacetylase, histone methyltransferase, or sirtuin1), found that HATi efficiently suppresses cytokine-mediated immune responses. Together, these results show that the HATi activity of DP counters anti-inflammatory signaling by blocking p65 acetylation and that this compound may be useful in preventing inflammatory arthritis, according to "Delphinidin, a specific inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase, suppresses inflammatory signaling via prevention of NF-κB acetylation in fibroblast-like synoviocyte MH7A cells" by Seong AR, Yoo JY, Choi K, Lee MH, Lee YH, Lee J, Jun W, Kim S, Yoon HG.(10)

11. Anti cancers
In the discussion of numerous in vitro and animal model data suggest that flavonoids modulate important cellular and molecular mechanisms related to carcinogenesis, indicated that Epidemiological studies confirmed that, among many flavonoids, apigenin, epigallocatechin gallate, delphinidin and genistein appear to be beneficial compounds in various stages of carcinogenesis, according to "Anticancer properties of flavonoids: roles in various stages of carcinogenesis" by Clere N, Faure S, Martinez MC, Andriantsitohaina R.(11)

12. Periodontitis
In the investigation of the ability of a blackcurrant extract and its major anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside) in the inhibition of the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), neutrophil elastase and periodontopathogen (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola) proteinases, showed that a blackcurrant extract and its major anthocyanins were able to inhibit the activity of host- and bacteria-derived proteinases. This suggests that such natural compounds may represent promising agents for use in adjunctive treatments for periodontitis, according to "Inhibition of host- and bacteria-derived proteinases by natural anthocyanins" by Santos J, La VD, Bergeron C, Grenier D.(12)

13. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Phytochemicals - 11 Health Benefits of Cyanidin

Cyanidin is an anthocyanins (flavonals), in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in red apple and pear, bilberry, blackberry, blueberry, cherry, cranberry, peach, plum, hawthorn, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Colon cancer
In the testing whether anthocyanidins exerted cytotoxicity in primary (Caco-2) and metastatic (LoVo and LoVo/ADR) colorectal cancer cell lines, found that Both cyanidin and delphinidin, though neither pelargonidin nor malvidin, were cytotoxic in metastatic cells only. The cell line most sensitive to anthocyanidins was the drug-resistant LoVo/ADR. There, cellular ROS accumulation, inhibition of glutathione reductase, and depletion of glutathione could be observed, according to "Oxidative stress-based cytotoxicity of delphinidin and cyanidin in colon cancer cells" by Cvorovic J, Tramer F, Granzotto M, Candussio L, Decorti G, Passamonti S.(1)

2. Angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE)
In the calssification of the isolated constituents which areresponsible of the ACE activity of the aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa, found that the anthocyanins delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside (1) and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside (2) were isolated by bioassay-guided purification. These compounds showed IC(50) values (84.5 and 68.4 microg/mL, respectively), which are similar to those obtained by related flavonoid glycosides. Kinetic determinations suggested that these compounds inhibit the enzyme activity by competing with the substrate for the active site, according to "Inhibition of angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE) activity by the anthocyanins delphinidin- and cyanidin-3-O-sambubiosides from Hibiscus sabdariffa" by Ojeda D, Jiménez-Ferrer E, Zamilpa A, Herrera-Arellano A, Tortoriello J, Alvarez L.(2)

3. Neuroprotective effects
In the demostration of whether cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy-3G) can inhibit Abeta(25-35) spontaneous aggregation into oligomers and their neurotoxicity in human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells, found that the pre- and co-treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with Cy-3G reduced the neuronal death, in terms of apoptosis and necrosis, elicited by Abeta(25-35) oligomers. Cy-3G also shows the interesting ability to prevent the early events leading to neuronal death such as the Abeta(25-35) oligomer binding to plasma membrane and the subsequent membrane integrity loss. according to "Neuroprotective effects of cyanidin 3-O-glucopyranoside on amyloid beta (25-35) oligomer-induced toxicity" by Tarozzi A, Morroni F, Merlicco A, Bolondi C, Teti G, Falconi M, Cantelli-Forti G, Hrelia P.(3)

4. Antioxidants
In the verification of the chemical properties included composition of anthocyanins and other polyphenols, antioxidant activity and profiles of antioxidants by HPLC post-column derivatization or TLC of Polish cultivars of blue-berried honeysuckles (Lonicera caerulea L.), wild and bog bilberr, found that The antioxidant activity of different blue-berried honeysuckle cultivars was similar to that of wild growing bilberries (range from 170 to 417 μmol TE/g dm in ABTS and from 93-166 μmol TE/g dm in DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteu tests). The major anthocyanin in the blue-berried honeysuckle was cyanidin-3-glucoside that constituted 84-92% of the total anthocyanins. The TLC and HPLC post-column antioxidant profiles indicated that anthocyanins are the major antioxidants in all berries studied, according to "Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Polish Blue-Berried Honeysuckle Genotypes by HPLC-DAD-MS, HPLC Post-Column Derivatization with ABTS or FC, and TLC with DPPH Visualization" by Kusznierewicz B, Piekarska A, Mrugalska B, Konieczka P, Namiesnik J, Bartoszek A (4)

5. Antimicrobial activity
In the evaluation of the fruit of Lonicera caerulea L. (blue honeysuckle; Caprifoliaceae) and its phenolic fraction for nutrients and micronutrients, found that the phenolic fraction displayed Folin-Ciocalteu reagent reducing (335 +/- 15 microg of gallic acid equivalent/mg) and DPPH and superoxide scavenging activity (IC50 12.1 +/- 0.1 and 115.5 +/- 6.4 microg/mL) and inhibited rat liver microsome peroxidation (IC50 160 +/- 20 microg/mL). The freeze-dried fruit and its phenolic fraction reduced the biofilm formation and adhesion to the artificial surface of Candida parapsilosis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus mutans, according to "Constituents and antimicrobial properties of blue honeysuckle: a novel source for phenolic antioxidants" by Palíková I, Heinrich J, Bednár P, Marhol P, Kren V, Cvak L, Valentová K, Růzicka F, Holá V, Kolár M, Simánek V, Ulrichová J.(5)

6. Fatty liver disease
In the investigation of cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucoside (Cy-3-g), a typical anthocyanin pigment and its effects on AMPK activation and fatty acid metabolism in human HepG2 hepatocytes,
found that Cy-3-g regulates hepatic lipid homeostasis via an AMPK-dependent signaling pathway. Targeting AMPK activation by anthocyanin may represent a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, according to "Cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucoside regulates fatty acid metabolism via an AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling pathway in human HepG2 cells" by
Guo H, Liu G, Zhong R, Wang Y, Wang D, Xia M.(6)

7. Short-term Spatial Recognition Memory
In the evaluation of the efficacy of chronic cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) on alleviation of learning and memory deficits in diabetic rats as a result of the observed antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of C3G, found that the alternation score of the diabetic rats was lower than that of control (p < 0.01) and C3G-treated diabetic rats showed a higher alternation score as compared to diabetic group (p < 0.05). Diabetic rats also developed a significant impairment in retention and recall in passive avoidance test (p < 0.01) and C3G treatment of diabetic rats did not produce any significant improvement. Meanwhile, increased level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in diabetic rats was significantly reduced following C3G treatment (p < 0.05), according to "Chronic Cyanidin-3-glucoside Administration Improves Short-term Spatial Recognition Memory but not Passive Avoidance Learning and Memory in Streptozotocin-diabetic Rats" by Nasri S, Roghani M, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Balvardi M, Rabani T.(7)

8. Diabetes prevention and management
In the investigation of the protective effects of C3G-rich bayberry fruit extract (CRBFE) against pancreatic β cells against oxidative stress-induced injury as well as its hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mic, found that Pretreatment of β cells with CRBFE (containing 0.5 μmol/L C3G) prevented cell death, increased cellular viability, and decreased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and cell necrosis induced by 800 or 1,200 μmol/L H(2)O(2). CRBFE dose-dependently up-regulated pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 gene expression, contributing to increased insulin-like growth factor II gene transcript levels and insulin protein in INS-1 cells. In addition, administration of CRBFE (150 μg of C3G/10 g of body weight twice per day) significantly reduced blood glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mice and increased the glucose tolerance in an oral glucose tolerance test (P<.05), according to "Cyanidin-3-Glucoside-Rich Extract from Chinese Bayberry Fruit Protects Pancreatic β Cells and Ameliorates Hyperglycemia in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice" by

Sun CD, Zhang B, Zhang JK, Xu CJ, Wu YL, Li X, Chen KS.(8)

9. Diuretic effect
In the evaluation of the diuretic activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extract on in vivo and in situ models, found that The yield of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extraction was 28.3% and the chemical standardization from 1g of extract was: 56.5mg delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside, 20.8mg/g cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside, 3.2mg/g quercetin, 2.1mg/g rutin and 2.7mg/g chlorogenic acid. The diuretic and natriuretic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extract showed a dose-dependent behavior. The pharmacological constants of natriuretic effect was ED50=86mg/kg and Emax=0.9mEq/100g/5h. In the model of kidney in situ was observed that renal filtration increased 48% with the aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa and an additive effect when was perfuse with furosemide, according to "Pharmacological characterization of the diuretic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn (Malvaceae) extract" by Alarcón-Alonso J, Zamilpa A, Aguilar FA, Herrera-Ruiz M, Tortoriello J, Jimenez-Ferrer E(9)

10. Anti-inflammatory Effects
In the investigation of the cartilage-protecting and anti-inflammatory effects of a polyphenolic-enriched red raspberry extract (RRE; standardized to total polyphenol, anthocyanin, and ellagitannin contents), found that On treatment with RRE (50 μg/mL), there was a decrease in the rate of degradation of both proteoglycan and type II collagen. In the in vivo antigen-induced arthritis rat model, animals were gavaged daily with RRE (at doses of 30 and 120 mg/kg, respectively) for 30 days after adjuvant injection (750 μg of Mycobacterium tuberculosis suspension in squalene). At the higher dose, animals treated with RRE had a lower incidence and severity of arthritis compared to control animals, according to "Anti-inflammatory Effects of Polyphenolic-Enriched Red Raspberry Extract in an Antigen-Induced Arthritis Rat Model" by Jean-Gilles D, Li L, Ma H, Yuan T, Chichester CO, Seeram NP.(10)

11. Obesity
In the demonstration of Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (Cy-3-g)-rich foods have been reported to inhibit the onset of obesity, found that Cy-3-g improves obesity and triglyceride metabolism in KK-Ay mice. The underlying mechanism is found to be partly related to the activation of LPL in plasma and skeletal muscle, and inhibition of LPL in adipose tissue following the activation of pAMPK, according to "Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside improves obesity and triglyceride metabolism in KK-Ay mice by regulating lipoprotein lipase activity" by Wei X, Wang D, Yang Y, Xia M, Li D, Li G, Zhu Y, Xiao Y, Ling W.(11)

12. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Phytochemicals In Foods - 7 Health Benefits of Peonidin

Peonidin is an anthocyanins (flavonals), in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in bilberry, blueberry, cherry, cranberry, peach, grape, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Lung cancer
In the demonstration of peonidin 3-glucoside (P3G) could significantly inhibit the invasion (P < 0.001), motility (P < 0.05), secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) of lung cancer cells, found that the inhibitory effects of P3G may be at least partly through inactivation of ERK 1/2 and AP-1 signaling pathways as confirmed by abolishment of P3G-inhibited H1299 cell invasion by overexpression of MAPK kinase 1 (MEK1). Finally, P3G was evidenced by its inhibition on the metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma cells in vivo (P < 0.001), according to "Peonidin 3-glucoside inhibits lung cancer metastasis by downregulation of proteinases activities and MAPK pathway" by Ho ML, Chen PN, Chu SC, Kuo DY, Kuo WH, Chen JY, Hsieh YS.(1)

2. Cognitive and motor functions
In the investigation of the fractions extracted using methanol (MEOH) and ethanol (ETOH) were particularly rich in anthocyanins such as cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin, and their effect on age-related diseases of the brain compromise memory, learning, and movement, found that the protection of microglial cells by açai pulp extracts, particularly that of MEOH, ETOH, and ACE fractions, was also accompanied by a significant concentration-dependent reduction in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). The current study offers valuable insights into the protective effects of açai pulp fractions on brain cells, which could have implications for improved cognitive and motor functions, according to "Anthocyanin-rich Açai ( Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Fruit Pulp Fractions Attenuate Inflammatory Stress Signaling in Mouse Brain BV-2 Microglial Cells" by Poulose SM, Fisher DR, Larson J, Bielinski DF, Rimando AM, Carey AN, Schauss AG, Shukitt-Hale B.(2)

3. Diabetes
In the examination of the inhibitory effects of the Noble muscadine grape extracts and the representative phytochemicals for anthocyanins (i.e., cyanidin and cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside) on two enzymes, that is, α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase, found that the ethyl acetate (EtoAc) extract and the butanol (BuOH) extract exhibited much higher inhibitory activities against both enzymes than the CHCl(3) and water extracts, while the majority of anthocyanins existed in the BuOH fractions. Moreover, cyanidin exhibited a much stronger antidiabetic activity than cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, suggesting that anthocyanins may have higher inhibitory activities after being digested. Further chromatographic analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified five individual anthocyanins, including cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin glycosides. according to "Inhibitory effects of muscadine anthocyanins on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase activities" by You Q, Chen F, Wang X, Luo PG, Jiang Y.(3)

4. Antioxidants
In the investigation of BSSCs of 60 Chinese varieties examined for phenolic contents, anthocyanin profiles, and antioxidant activity. Total phenolic and condensed tannin contents ranged from 512.2 to 6057.9 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g and from 137.2 to 1741.1 mg (+)-catechin equivalents/100 g, respectively. Six anthocyanins (delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, petunidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, and malvidin-3-glucoside) were detected by HPLC, found that antioxidant properties detected by DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC methods all showed wide variations ranging from 4.8 to 65.3 μg/100 mL (expressed as EC(50)), from 17.5 to 105.8 units/g, and from 42.5 to 1834.6 μmol Trolox equivalent/g, respectively. Sixty varieties were classified into four groups by hierarchical clustering analysis, and group 4 consisting of nine varieties had the highest phytochemicals content and antioxidant activity, according to "Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity in seed coats of 60 Chinese black soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) varieties" by Zhang RF, Zhang FX, Zhang MW, Wei ZC, Yang CY, Zhang Y, Tang XJ, Deng YY, Chi JW.(4)

5. Hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease
In the evaluation of the effect of white and black rice consumption on lipid profile, hydroperoxides, thiobarbituric reactive substances and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) induced by hypercholesterolemia was investigated in 24 male rabbits, found that serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was higher (P < 0.05) in the PCBR compared with the PC and PCWR groups. Hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric reactive substances were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the PCBR compared with PCWR and PC groups. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-3-Glu) and peonidin-3-glucoside have been tested in vitro against copper-mediated low-density lipoprotein. Cy-3-Glu was excelled peonidin-3-glucoside by increasing the lag time of NC from 80 to 500 minutes in the presence of 2.0 μM of Cy-3-Glu, according to "Switching to black rice diets modulates low-density lipoprotein oxidation and lipid measurements in rabbits" by Abdel-Moemin AR.(5)

6. Antimicrobial activity
In the examination of the accumulation of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins in berries of European cranberry, including anthocyanin peonidin-3-galactoside and to assess their antibacterial activity, found that Investigation of the antimicrobial properties showed that European cranberry extracts inhibited the growth of wide range of human pathogenic bacteria, both gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) and gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis), according to "Phenolics and anthocyanins in berries of European cranberry and their antimicrobial activity" by Cesoniene L, Jasutiene I, Sarkinas A.(6)

7. Breast cancer
In the investigation of the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of JFE in estrogen dependent/aromatase positive (MCF-7aro), and estrogen independent (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells, found that JFE contained 3.5% anthocyanins (as cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents) which occur as diglucosides of five anthocyanidins/aglycons: delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin and malvidin. In the proliferation assay, JFE was most effective against MCF-7aro (IC(50) = 27 microg/mL), followed by MDA-MB-231 (IC(50) = 40 microg/mL) breast cancer cells. Importantly, JFE exhibited only mild antiproliferative effects against the normal MCF-10A (IC(50) > 100 microg/mL) breast cells, according to "Eugenia jambolana Lam. berry extract inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human breast cancer but not non-tumorigenic breast cells" by Li L, Adams LS, Chen S, Killian C, Ahmed A, Seeram NP.(7)

8. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Phytochemicals in Foods - 11 Health Benefits of Pelargonidin

Pelargonidin, is an anthocyanins (flavonals), in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in bilberry, raspberry, strawberry, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Anti inflammatory effects
In the systematically investigated the effects of 36 naturally occurring flavonoids and related compounds on NO production in macrophages exposed to an inflammatory stimulus (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), and evaluated the mechanisms of action of the effective compounds,
found that Flavone, the isoflavones daidzein and genistein, the flavonols isorhamnetin, kaempferol and quercetin, the flavanone naringenin, and the anthocyanin pelargonidin inhibited iNOS protein and mRNA expression and also NO production in a dose-dependent manner, according to "Anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids: genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein inhibit STAT-1 and NF-kappaB activations, whereas flavone, isorhamnetin, naringenin, and pelargonidin inhibit only NF-kappaB activation along with their inhibitory effect on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages" by Hämäläinen M, Nieminen R, Vuorela P, Heinonen M, Moilanen E.(1)

2. Neuroprotective effects
In the investigation of the neuropathological effect of pelargonidin (Pel),
found that Pel administration has a dose-dependent neuroprotective effect against 6-OHDA toxicity, partly through attenuating oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that pelargonidin could provide benefits, along with other therapies, in neurodegenerative disorders including PD, according to "Oral pelargonidin exerts dose-dependent neuroprotection in 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of hemi-parkinsonism" by Roghani M, Niknam A, Jalali-Nadoushan MR, Kiasalari Z, Khalili M, Baluchnejadmojarad T.(2)

3. Colon and liver cancer
In the investigation of inhibition of potato antioxidant extracts on the proliferation of colon cancer and liver cancer cells, found that an inverse correlation was found between total phenolics and the EC(50) of colon cancer cell (R(2) = 0.9303), as well as liver cancer cell proliferation (R(2) = 0.8992). The relationship between antioxidant activity and EC(50) of colon cancer/liver cancer cell proliferation was significant (R(2) = 0.8144; R(2) = 0.956, respectively). A significant difference in inhibition of cancer cells (P < 0.01) existed between the 3 polyphenols: chlorogenic acid, pelargonidin chloride, and malvidin chloride, suggesting that chlorogenic acid was a critical factor in the antiproliferation of colon cancer and liver cancer cells, according to "Inhibitory effect of antioxidant extracts from various potatoes on the proliferation of human colon and liver cancer cells" by Wang Q, Chen Q, He M, Mir P, Su J, Yang Q.(3)

4. Inflammation and Insulin sensitive
In the investigation of the effect of strawberry antioxidants in beverage form on meal-induced postprandial inflammatory and insulin responses in human subjects, found that the postprandial concentrations of pelargonidin sulfate and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside were significantly increased when the strawberry beverage was consumed concurrently with the HCFM compared with the placebo beverage (P < 0·001). The strawberry beverage significantly attenuated the postprandial inflammatory response as measured by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and IL-6 (P < 0·05) induced by the HCFM. It was also associated with a reduction in postprandial insulin response (P < 0·05), according to "Strawberry anthocyanin and its association with postprandial inflammation and insulin" by Edirisinghe I, Banaszewski K, Cappozzo J, Sandhya K, Ellis CL, Tadapaneni R, Kappagoda CT, Burton-Freeman BM.(4)

5. Anti-lipid peroxidation activity and hepatoprotective effect
In the investigation of fruit pulp extracts of the lychees for vitamin C, phenolic contents, anti-lipid peroxidation activity and hepatoprotective effect, found that administration of CCl(4) in rats elevated the serum GPT, GOT, and ALP level whereas silymarin, Gimjeng and Chakapat extracts prevented these increases significantly. Significant decrease of apoptotic cells together with restoration of morphological changes confirmed the hepatoprotective effect in the CCl(4)-induced rats pretreated with the extracts, according to "Hepatoprotective effects of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.): a combination of antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities" by Bhoopat L, Srichairatanakool S, Kanjanapothi D, Taesotikul T, Thananchai H, Bhoopat T.(5)

6. Endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis
In the observation of the potential mechanisms responsible for the cytoprotective actions of three common anthocyanins, namely cyanidin- delphinidin- and pelargonidin-3-glucoside on the biochemical pathways underlying peroxynitrite-triggered apoptosis in endothelial cells, found that a potential role of dietary anthocyanins in the modulation of several apoptotic signaling pathways triggered by peroxynitrite in endothelial cells, supporting mechanistically their health benefits in the context of prevention of endothelial dysfunction and, ultimately, of atherosclerosis, according to "Dietary anthocyanins protect endothelial cells against peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and Bax nuclear translocation: an in vitro approach" by Paixão J, Dinis TC, Almeida LM.(6)

7. Hepatitis B virus
In the analyzing of the anthocyanins (delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside: cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside: petunidin-3,5-diglucoside: delphinidin-3-glucoside: malvdin-3,5-diglucoside: peonidin-3,5-diglucoside: cyanidin-3-glucoside: petunidin-3-glucoside: peonidin-3- glucoside: malvidin-3- glucoside = 27:63:8.27:1:2.21:2.21:6.7:1.25:5.72:1.25) [corrected] isolated from meoru (Vitis coignetiae Pulliat) exerted antiproliferative and anti-invasive and apoptotic effects on human hepatoma Hep3B cells, found that anthocyanins from meoru have antiproliferative and anti-invasive effects and may induce apoptosis through the activation of the mitochondrial pathway and inhibition of antiapoptotic proteins. This study provides evidence that the anthocyanins isolated from meoru might be useful in the treatment of human hepatitis B-associated hepatoma, according to "Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of invasion in human hepatoma cells by anthocyanins from meoru" by Shin DY, Ryu CH, Lee WS, Kim DC, Kim SH, Hah YS, Lee SJ, Shin SC, Kang HS, Choi YH.(7)

8. Antioxidants
In the examination of phytochemical profile and the antioxidant activity of strawberry fruit (cv. Camarosa) upon postharvest ripening at room temperature (20 °C) and to correlate them with qualitative attributes, found that pelargonidin-3-glucoside was the major anthocyanin, which increased with the increase of shelf life period, while cyanidin-3-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-rutinoside were found at lower concentrations. The potent radical scavenging activity, evaluated with four in vitro assays, showed a higher antioxidant capacity after 3 and 1 days of shelf life., according to "The effect of postharvest ripening on strawberry bioactive composition and antioxidant potential" by Goulas V, Manganaris GA.(8)

9. Gastrointestinal digestion and microsomal glucuronidation
In the determination of a simulated gastrointestinal digestion model used to evaluate the potential degradation of anthocyanins post-consumption, found that during the simulated gastric digestion, anthocyanin glycosides (200 μM) remained stable however their aglycone derivatives were significantly degraded (20% loss), while during subsequent pancreatic/intestinal digestion only pelargonidin-3-glucoside remained stable while cyanidin-3-glucoside (30% loss) and Cy and pelagonidin aglycones were significantly degraded (100% loss, respectively), according to "Anthocyanin-derived phenolic acids form glucuronides following simulated gastrointestinal digestion and microsomal glucuronidation" by Woodward GM, Needs PW, Kay CD.(9)

10. Hyperalgesia
In the evaluation of the possible beneficial effect of chronic pelargonidin (PG) treatment on hyperalgesia in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic neuropathic rat, found that diabetic rats showed a marked chemical and thermal hyperalgesia, indicating that development of diabetic neuropathy and PG treatment (especially multiple-doses) significantly ameliorated the alteration in hyperalgesia (P less than 0.05-0.01) in diabetic rats as compared to untreated diabetics. PG (multiple doses) also significantly decreased diabetes-induced thiobarbituric acid reactive substances formation and non-significantly reversed elevation of nitrite level and reduction of antioxidant defensive enzyme superoxide dismutase, according to "Chronic oral pelargonidin alleviates streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathic hyperalgesia in rat: involvement of oxidative stress" by Mirshekar M, Roghani M, Khalili M, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Arab Moazzen S.(10)

11. Antioxidants
In the study of The antioxidant and pro-oxidant potential of an extract from red radish, in which the major compounds were acylated pelargonidin derivatives, found that the acylated pelargonidin derivatives extracted from red radish could act as antioxidant and pro-oxidant and their antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties were relative to the reaction conditions. It might provide novel antioxidant and anticarcinogenic agents, according to "Antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of acylated pelargonidin derivatives extracted from red radish (Raphanus sativus var. niger, Brassicaceae)" by Wang LS, Sun XD, Cao Y, Wang L, Li FJ, Wang YF.(11)

12. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Phytochemicals - 10 Health Benefits of Thearubigins

Thearubigins with reddish colour, is a phytochemical of Flavan-3-ols, in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), formed in tea leaves during fermentation.

Health Benefits
1. Tetanus toxin
In the elucidation of the mechanism of the protective effect of black tea extract's thearubigin fraction against the action of tetanus toxin, found that thearubigin fraction mixed with tetanus toxin blocked the inhibitory effect of the toxin. Mixing iodinated toxin with thearubigin fraction inhibited the specific binding of [125I]tetanus toxin to the synaptosomal membrane preparation. The effects of thearubigin fraction were dose-dependent, according to "A mechanism of the thearubigin fraction of black tea (Camellia sinensis) extract protecting against the effect of tetanus toxin" by Satoh E, Ishii T, Shimizu Y, Sawamura S, Nishimura M.(1)

2. Inflammatory bowel disease
in the examination of examine the protective effects of thearubigin, an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant beverage derivative, on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in mice, a model for inflammatory bowel disease, found that pretreatment of mice with thearubigin (40 mg kg(-1) day(-1), i.g. for 10 days) significantly ameliorated the appearance of diarrhoea and the disruption of colonic architecture. Higher dose (100 mg kg(-1)) had comparable effects. This was associated with a significant reduction in the degree of both neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation in the inflamed colon as well as decreased serine protease activity. Thearubigin also reduced the levels of NO and O(2)(-) associated with the favourable expression of T-helper 1 cytokines and iNOS, according to "Thearubigin, the major polyphenol of black tea, ameliorates mucosal injury in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis" by Maity S, Ukil A, Karmakar S, Datta N, Chaudhuri T, Vedasiromoni JR, Ganguly DK, Das PK.(2)

3. Prostate cancers
In the comparison of the anti-proliferative effect of black tea (Camellia sinensis) polyphenol, thearubigin (TR), alone or combined with the isoflavone genistein, on human prostate (PC-3) carcinoma cells, found that TR administered alone did not result in any alteration of cell growth. When combined with genistein, however, TR significantly inhibited cell growth and induced a G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in a dose dependent manner. These findings indicate the potential use of combined phytochemicals to provide protection against prostate cancer, according to " Synergistic effects of thearubigin and genistein on human prostate tumor cell (PC-3) growth via cell cycle arrest" by Sakamoto K.(3)

4. A375 melanoma cells
In the observation of observed the role of the three most important MAPK (ERK, JNK, and p38) in TF- and TR-induced apoptosis, found that TF and TR treatment induces a time-dependent increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species generation in A375 cells. Interestingly, treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl cystein inhibits TF- and TR-induced JNK and p38 activation as well as induction of cell death in A375 cells. We also provide evidence demonstrating the critical role of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 in TF- and TR-induced apoptosis in A375 cells, according to "Role of oxidation-triggered activation of JNK and p38 MAPK in black tea polyphenols induced apoptotic death of A375 cells" by Bhattacharya U, Halder B, Mukhopadhyay S, Giri AK.(4)

5. Anticlastogenic effects
In the investigation of potent antimutagenic and anticlastogenic effects of TF and TR in vitro in human cells in vitro, found that a significant decrease in both CA and MN were observed in the human lymphocyte cultures treated with either TF or TR pretreated with either B[a]P or AFB1 (250, 500, 1000 microg/ml) when compared with B[a]P or AFB1 treated cultures alone. TF shows more protective effects than TR in this in vitro system. These results indicate that both TF and TR have significant anticlastogenic effects in vitro in human lymphocytes, according to "Anticlastogenic effects of black tea polyphenols theaflavins and thearubigins in human lymphocytes in vitro" by Halder B, Pramanick S, Mukhopadhyay S, Giri AK.(5)

6. Antioxidative properties
In the review of the different issues and studies relating to composition, manufacturing, and antioxidative effects of black tea and its components in vitro as well as in vivo, found that Antioxidative properties of black tea are manifested by its ability to inhibit free radical generation, scavenge free radicals, and chelate transition metal ions. Black tea, as well as individual theaflavins, can influence activation of transcription factors such as NFkappaB or AP-1, according to "Antioxidative properties of black tea" by Łuczaj W, Skrzydlewska E.(6)

7. Hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 system
In the investigation of Theaflavins and theafulvins, a fraction of thearubigins, isolated from aqueous infusions of black tea, and their effects on the hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 system, found that treatment with theafulvins and theaflavins reduced the apoprotein levels. A single band in the cytochrome P450 region was evident when the intestinal microsomes were probed with antibodies to CYP4A1 but the level of expression was not affected by the treatment with the black tea polyphenols, according to "Hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 and conjugase activities in rats treated with black tea theafulvins and theaflavins" by Catterall F, McArdle NJ, Mitchell L, Papayanni A, Clifford MN, Ioannides C.(7)

8. Chronic myeloid leukemia
In the observation of the anticancer effect of black tea (BT) and its polyphenols theaflavin (TF) and thearubigin (TR) on U-937 cell line, a myeloid leukemic cell line and on leukemic cells isolated from peripheral blood of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), found that BT, TF and TR. MTT assay showed growth inhibition of metabolically active cells and inhibition of DNA synthesis was observed by 3H-Thymidine incorporation after treatment with the compounds. In all cases TF and TR were more effective than BT, suggesting that these are possibly the active components in BT responsible for its antileukemic activity, according to "Studies with black tea and its constituents on leukemic cells and cell lines" by Das M, Chaudhuri T, Goswami SK, Murmu N, Gomes A, Mitra S, Besra SE, Sur P, Vedasiromoni JR.(8)

9. Oxidative stress
In the investigation of scavenging property of black tea and catechins, the major flavonols of tea-leaf, against damage by oxidative stress, found that Black tea extract in comparison to free catechins seemed to be a better protecting agent against various types of oxidative stress. Apparently, conversion of catechins to partially polymerized products such as theaflavin or thearubigin during 'fermentation' process for making black tea has no deleterious effect on its scavenging properties, according to "Protective role of black tea against oxidative damage of human red blood cells" by Halder J, Bhaduri AN.(9)

10. Antioxidative effects
In the study of the antioxidative activity of theaflavins (TFs) and thearubigin (TR) purified from the infusion of black tea leaves, using the tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenates, found that activity of black tea was about as potent as that of green tea. These results suggest that black tea infusion containing TFs and TR could inhibit lipid peroxidation in biological conditions in the same way as green tea infusion containing epicatechins, according to "Antioxidative effects of black tea theaflavins and thearubigin on lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenates induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide" by Yoshino K, Hara Y, Sano M, Tomita I.(10)

11. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Phytochemicals in Foods - 7 Health Benefits of Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate

Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate, a theaflavin derivative, is phytochemicals of Flavan-3-ols, in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols) found abundantly in black tea.

Health Benefits
1. Antioxidant capacities
In the comparison of TF derivatives (theaflavin (TF(1)), theaflavin-3-gallate (TF(2)A), theaflavin-3'-gallate (TF(2)B), and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF(3))) in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro, indicated that positive antioxidant capacities of TF(2)B on singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and the hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage in vitro were found, according to "Evaluation of the antioxidant effects of four main theaflavin derivatives through chemiluminescence and DNA damage analyses" by Wu YY, Li W, Xu Y, Jin EH, Tu YY.(1)

2. Antimicrobial activities
In the evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of seven green tea catechins and four black tea theaflavins, found that (-)-gallocatechin-3-gallate, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, (-)-catechin-3-gallate, (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3, 3'-digallate, theaflavin-3'-gallate, and theaflavin-3-gallate showed antimicrobial activities at nanomolar levels; (ii) most compounds were more active than were medicinal antibiotics, such as tetracycline or vancomycin, at comparable concentrations; (iii) the bactericidal activities of the teas could be accounted for by the levels of catechins and theaflavins as determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography; (iv) freshly prepared tea infusions were more active than day-old teas; and (v) tea catechins without gallate side chains, gallic acid and the alkaloids caffeine and theobromine also present in teas, and herbal (chamomile and peppermint) teas that contain no flavonoids are all inactive, according to "Antimicrobial activities of tea catechins and theaflavins and tea extracts against Bacillus cereus" by Friedman M, Henika PR, Levin CE, Mandrell RE, Kozukue N.(2)

3. Edema, 4. anti inflammation
found that a single topical application of equimolar of black tea constituents (TF, theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3'-gallate, and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate) strongly inhibited TPA-induced edema of mouse ears. Application of TFs mixture to mouse ears 20 min prior to each TPA application once a day for 4 days inhibited TPA-induced persistent inflammation, as well as TPA-induced increase in IL-1beta and IL-6 protein levels. TFs also inhibited arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism via both cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase pathways, according to "Inhibitory effects of black tea theaflavin derivatives on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and arachidonic acid metabolism in mouse ears" by Huang MT, Liu Y, Ramji D, Lo CY, Ghai G, Dushenkov S, Ho CT.(3)

5. Allergic effect
In the investigation of the preventive effects of black tea theaflavins, theaflavin-3-gallate (3-TF) and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TFDG), on oxazolone-induced type IV allergy in male ICR mice.
found that oral administration of 3-TF(theaflavin-3-gallate) and TFDG at a dose of 50 mg kg(-1) body weight prevented the increases in levels of some proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), according to "Preventive effects of black tea theaflavins against mouse type IV allergy" by Yoshino K, Yamazaki K, Sano M.(4)

6. Anti cancers
In the investigation of the inhibition effects of tea theaflavins complex (TFs), theaflavin-3-3'-digallate (TFDG), theaflavin-3'-gallate (TF2B), and an unidentified compound (UC) on the growth of human liver cancer BEL-7402 cells, gastric cancer MKN-28 cells and acute promyelocytic leukemia LH-60 cells, found that the inhibition effects of theaflavin-3'-gallate (TF2B), TFDG, and UC on BEL-7402 and MKN-28 were stronger than TFs. The relationship coefficients between monomer concentration and its inhibition rate against MKN-28 and BEL-7402 were 0.87 and 0.98 for TF2B, 0.96 and 0.98 for UC, respectively. The IC50 values of TFs, TF2B, and TFDG were 0.18, 0.11, and 0.16 mM on BEL-7402 cells, and 1.11, 0.22, and 0.25 mM on MKN-28 cells respectively, according to "The theaflavin monomers inhibit the cancer cells growth in vitro" by Tu YY, Tang AB, Watanabe N.(5)

7. Leukemia
in the investigation of the inhibitory effects of five tea polyphenols, namely theaflavin (TF1), theaflavin-3-gallate (TF2), theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3), (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and gallic acid, and propyl gallate (PG) on xanthine oxidase (XO) found that Tea polyphenols and PG all have potent inhibitory effects (>50%) on PMA-stimulated superoxide production at 20 approximately 50 microM in HL-60 cells. Gallic acid (GA) showed no inhibition under the same conditions. At 10 microM, only EGCG, TF3, and PG showed significant inhibition with potency of PG > EGCG > TF3, according to "Inhibition of xanthine oxidase and suppression of intracellular reactive oxygen species in HL-60 cells by theaflavin-3,3'-digallate, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and propyl gallate" by Lin JK, Chen PC, Ho CT, Lin-Shiau SY.(6)

8. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Pages

Thursday, December 1, 2011